Relationship Between Rubber Hand Illusion And Interoceptive Awareness

Relationship Between Rubber Hand Illusion And Interoceptive Awareness When and artificial hand is placed in a position compatible with the participants own posture, i.e. a position that is plausible anatomically with regard to the participants body, then the combination of visual input from the rubber hand and tactile stimulation to the participants hidden hand produces the feeling that the rubber hand is part of the body in around half of participants. The incidence of the illusion as well as its intensity is substantially reduced when the visual and tactile stimuli are applied asynchronously, so that the feeling on the hand is not matched by what the participant sees on the rubber hand. This reduction also occurs when the rubber hand is put in a posture that is anatomically implausible(e.g. Tsakiris Haggard, 2005). The term interoception was coined by Charles Sherrington (1907) in the same paper that he introduces the terms proprioception and exteroception. in the original definition, the term referred solely to visceral sensations. However, now it has come to encompass the physiological state of the body as a whole, and the mechanism by which afferent information reaches conscious awareness and affects behaviour, which can occur both indirectly and directly. Interoception relates to the way in which people perceive feelings from their bodies that affect mood, the sense of well-being and even emotions (Cameron, 2002). The field of interoception has been aided greatly by the advent of functional imaging. Thus far, research has been limited in its scope to contribute to the understanding of self-awareness and, by extension, consciousness. The rubber hand illusion has important implications for interoception because it implies that information from proprioceptors- the mechanoreceptors in the hand and arm- can be overridden fairly easily by visual information. However, it is important to remember that it is not visual information alone that the participant is subject to; they are also receiving proprioceptive input to their unseen hand. Ramachandran (2005) suggests that rather than the more cognitive Helmholtzian unconscious inference explanation posited by others (e.g. Lackner, 1988), the rubber hand illusion can be explained from a Bayesian perspective. Several (e.g. Alais Burr, 2004; Ernst Banks, 2002) have shown that adults are able to integrate information both within and between senses in what appears to be a statistically optimal (Bayes-optimal) fashion. The fact that Bayesian models fit human behavioural results so well fits with the evidence that synchronous stimulation in two modalities can bring about chang es in interoception. In a more natural environment, the probability of seeing something in the outside world being stimulated and feeling identical stimulation on a consistent body part is vanishingly unlikely and so it seems unsurprising that the neural machinery that fuses information between the senses is subject to this illusion. A more recent experiment has shown that both the afferent and efferent elements of the body in motion are able to influence the feeling of ownership (Tsakiris, Prabhu Haggard, 2006). The authors found that the rubber hand illusion could be elicited solely on the basis of hand movements. In a variation on the methodology, participants had a virtual hand projected to the front of them while their own hand was hidden. Both the participants index finger and the same finger of the virtual hand underwent up and down motions, which could be done either actively or passively. When movements were in synchrony, participants reported that they felt as if their own hand was nearer the virtual hand than when motion was asynchronous as in the classic illusion. Under the passive condition, as in the classic condition, the illusion is a result of integration of visual and proprioceptive information. Conversely, there is also efferent information signalling that the finger is moving in the active co ndition. One difference between the conditions was that the proprioceptive drift only affected the index finger in the passive condition. The rest of the fingers were not perceived as being closer to the virtual hand. However, in the active condition, proprioceptive drift affected the whole hand. Therefore, the effect was more local when afferent information alone was available, but more global when there was efferent information as well. Tsakiris et al came to the conclusion that efferent information can influence interoception and the sense of bodily ownership by unifying the body into a coherent whole. One possible argument against the view that the rubber hand illusion shows that visual information can override proprioceptive information is that the participant may simply be speaking metaphorically when they say that they feel as if the rubber hand is part of their body. This problem arises from the fact that measures of the extent of the elusion are based on self report. Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) studies have examined whether the rubber hand is truly incorporated into the participants body image. Evolutionarily, it is necessary to protect the body from physical harm, and so threat to they body elicits feelings of anxiety, the withdrawal tendency, and increased autonomic arousal (e.g. Cooke Graziano, 2003; Kalisch et al, 2005). Therefore, it seems fair to say that for something to qualify as being part of the body, the brains homeostatic mechanisms should react as if it is when it is under threat. This hypothesis has received support from the fact that hitting the table near t he false hand with a hammer leads to increased GSR during the rubber hand illusion (Armel Ramachandran, 2003). There was no change in GSR during the control condition in which the rubber and real hands were stimulated asynchronously. Ehrsson et al (2007) have gone even further than this and shown using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging that areas of the brain associated with interoception, i.e. the anterior cingulate cortex and insula are active during the rubber hand illusion. The convexity cortex of the anterior cingulate and cingulate cortex have been shown to become active during both the experience of pain and anticipation of it (e.g. Craig et al, 1996; Wager et al, 2004). The anterior insular cortex has also been shown to become active during pain anticipation, the experience of pain and also pain empathy (e.g. Singer et al, 2004). Furthermore, coactivation of these regions during experiments has been linked to interoceptive awareness and emotional processing (Farrell, Laird Egan, 2005; Craig, 2003). The authors suggested that the activity they found in response to threat to the rubber hand most likely reflected participants anxiety as they were elevated more when the participant felt ownership of the rubber hand than when they did not. Significantly, this activity was specific to threats to the body and was not seen in response to empathy for pain or looking at the syringe (which was used to threaten the rubber hand). This is strong evidence that the rubber hand illusion leads to changes in the participants interoception. Tsakaris (2010) describes the rubber hand illusion as a model example of how the normal sense of embodiment works, and argues that it can be used to examine how the experience of the body as belonging to the individual comes about, is maintained, and perhaps even how it can be disturbed. He puts forward a neurocognitive model in which body ownership is the result of interactions between current information from all of the senses and internal models regarding the body. This model begins with pre-existing models of the body that are stored in the right temporo-parietal junction. These allow distinction between objects that may be embodied and those that may not. Subsequently, on-line postural and anatomical representations of the body (in the secondary somatosensory cortex) allow modulation of this multisensory information. This in turn allows the visual and haptic co-ordinate systems to be recalibrated in order to respond to current demands of the environment. This is done by the vent ral premotor and posterior parietal cortices, which contain neurons that code for recalibration of the hand-centred co-ordinate system. This results in referral of haptic sensation that leads to subjective experiences of body ownership, which arises in the right posterior insula. Some similar ideas are expressed by de Vignemont. She argues that bodily sensations are experience through a multimodal spatial representation of ones body. This view leads directly to the prediction that the sense of ownership of the body should be influenced by information in the visual modality, as in the rubber hand illusion. She also points out that proprioceptive information decays very quickly while the hand is stationary, and that it is often vision that dominates the other sensory modalities (e.g. Welch and Warren, 1986). This provides further support for the idea that the spatial content of haptic sensations should rely more on the visual modality than proprioception. This can account for the fact that when Botvinick and Cohen asked their participants to reach towards the hand that had been stimulated (using their other hand), this motion was displaced toward the rubber hand rather than their unseen hand. This distortion of proprioception and the sense of the location of th e body comes from the emphasis on information in the visual modality, which can also account for the subjective feeling of ownership of the hand. This results from the localisation of the haptic information within a representation of the body that has been constructed from the information available to the participant. In the illusion, the descriptive aspect of the haptic sensation is accurate, however, the spatial aspect has been shifted. Craig (2009) examines the role of the insula in interoceptive awareness in areas as diverse as gastric distension, heartbeat and pain. He identifies awareness of bodily movements (rather than the sense of agency regarding movements) as a possible role for the insular cortex, as well as speech, self recognition and various emotions, describing an emotional salience network in which insular cortical areas feature. He also suggests that the anterior insular cortex plays a role in performance maintenance in which it is put at the heart of the switch to self reflective networks from central executive functioning. The insula is argued to contain representations of the self at every moment in time and to provide comparison between representations at different points in time. The predictive role that this implies may explain the role of the insula in emotions such as anxiety. He also examines the role of the anterior cingulate cortex in interoception and self awareness, noting its numerous c onnections with the insular cortex. He also posits an evolutionary theory, wherein the anterior cingulate and anterior insular cortex developed independently, but subsequently came to have more integrated functioning that performed the role of interoception, specifically managing autonomic activity. He argues that this explains the close relationship of the two areas in various neuroimaging studies. In conclusion, the rubber hand illusion has provided much insight into human interoception. It has revealed the different kinds of information involved in this process by showing how it can be tricked, as well as the flexibility inherent in the system. Neuroimaging studies using the illusion have revealed the mediating brain areas, which in turn leads to tantalising hints about how the conscious sense of the body arises. The experience of ownership of the body may be a significant aspect of self-specificity. This illustrated by the different ways that multisensory integration and internal models of the body are able to manipulate important psychological and even physical elements of the self, the prime example being the rubber hand illusion. Interoception has important implications for some groups of patients, in particular amputees. The rubber hand illusion has shown how outside objects can fairly easily be integrated into the body image. The withdrawal reactions that are elicited f rom participants are the same in kind to those that arise when replacement limbs are under threat.

Internationalization form

In characterizing the different international business forms available, Bartlett and Ghoshal (1989) have made a distinction between global, international, transnational and multinational organizations. Wax’s organizational structure can be described as an integrated network structure, with resources, decisions, and responsibilities being dispersed and specialized, but interdependent. Each of the different local units makes differentiated contributions to Wax’s worldwide operations, and its strategic advantage derives from the ability to achieve worldwide competitiveness, local responsiveness, and global innovation simultaneously.As such, it can be typified as a transnational (Bartlett and Goshal, 1989). Pelmutter has made a distinction between ethnocentric, polycentric, heterarchical, and geocentric organizations (Hedlund, 1986, p. 9-35). Using Pelmutter’s typology, Wax’s organizational structure can be described as a heterarchy (or network) (as opposed to a mother/daughter, divisional, or matrix structure), with the role of its various subsidiaries being to make local contributions to the firm’s local as well as global strategies.Its strategic advantage can be described as deriving from the flexibility in the worldwide market that its structure affords. As such, using Pelmutter’s classification, the form of decentralization at Wax can be described as heterachical rather than ethnocentric, polycentric, or geocentric (Hedlund, 1986, p. 9-35). References: Hedlund, G. 1986. â€Å"The hypermodern MNC – A heterarchy? † Human Resource Management, Vol. 25 1986, No. 1, pp. 9–35. Bartlett, C. A. and Ghoshal, S. 1989. Managing across borders: The transnational solution.Boston. Q. 2: Explicate how a management accounting system could enable the Salvation Army to respond to the la? cit? requirements. Specify how resource allocation could be accounted for: Cost control is a central component of management accoun ting. Using techniques such as lifecycle costing and activity-based costing, the Salvation Army will be able to â€Å"identify, measure, analyze, accumulate, prepare, interpret, and communicate† the proper costs relating to key activities such as social work and evangelism (CIMA, 2009).In this regard, the management accounting system will help to provide a proper perspective on costs, thus helping to rein in costs and improve cost transparency. This will help the organization to meet its goals more appropriately (for example, getting a proper handle on costs would help it reach more people with soup, soap and salvation), while enhancing transparency and accountability in the way it uses its resources (Lucey, 2003).The establishment of an effective management accounting system (underpinned by a modern management information system) will yield a more accurate and precise platform for the â€Å"identification, measurement, analysis, accumulation, preparation, interpretation, an d communication† of information (CIMA, 2009). This in turn will aid and drastically help improve the operational and financial performance of the organization, given that both operational and financial decisions will be made on the basis of such information. Given that management accounting is forward-looking, it will facilitate forecasting and planning (Lucey, 2003).Such a management accounting system will help to identify risks that may hinder the organization from meeting its goals (for example, a likelihood of reduced donor funds), and towards this end, will facilitate the implementation of risk management strategies to avert the risks and help the Salvation Army meet its objectives (Lucey, 2003). Resource allocation must ensure a balance between the organization’s social and spiritual goals. Towards this end, a proper determination of the resources required by each of these two departments must be made, priorities ranked, and matched to the resources available.Qual ified accountants must be given the independence and authority to draw the organization’s financial statements, which must be audited by external and independent auditors such as those from the Ministry of Social Services (given that the Salvation Army is also a charity) (Chadwick, 1993). References: Chadwick, L. 1993. Management accounting. Routledge. ISBN 0415070848, 9780415070843 Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA). 2009. Official terminology. Lucey, T. 2003. Management accounting. Continuum. ISBN 0826463606, 9780826463609.

Human Resource Management Human Resources Development

Human resource management entails managing recruitment, planning, and implementing a selection of organizational development training within the business. The goals that the HRM has is maximizing the productivity of the workplace by improving the effectiveness of their employees while at one time improving and treating the work life of employees as valuable resources. Human resources development: To encompasses the efforts to promote personal development, the company’s employee satisfaction, and agreement with employment-related laws. The planning function that the HRM develops from the human resource policies and regulations attempt to determine future HRM plans and activities for the operations. The HRM procedure is to help companies realize their goals. Human resource development is like an investment that an organize places through training, organizational and career development. Human Resource takes on a lot of responsibilities for leadership and staff. In this business world Human Resource development has become much more strategic over the past several years to conduct a lot more training for the workplace. Human Resource is an important department that matters. When you look at the challenges and successes in business workplace it is because of the actions of the human resources. Since HR is becoming a distinguishing competitive advantage the management of such resources is vital. When prompted about the importance of HR productivity founder of Global LearningShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management ( Hrm ) And Human Resources Development Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership in Human Resource Management (HRM) and Human Resource Development (HRD) have strong associations to people based initiatives within an organization. Employee actions and behaviors are inï ¬â€šuenced by HRM practices such as stafï ¬ ng, evaluation of employees, and incentives or rewards, and HRD practices such as training and career development. HRM is tasked with making the best possible use of the organizations human  resources, while HRD is an extension of HRM that focuses on the development of theRe ad MoreDevelopment Of Human Resource Management Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Thirty-two years of development of human resource management in China: Review and prospects† (Shuming Zhao, Juan Du, 2012) is a journal paper that concentrating on the hypothetical advancements and practical applications of HRM, it first audits the move of HRM in China from planned labor force allocation to current HR management in three particular eras since China s reformation and opening-up. After, it analyzes and discusses the difficulties of human resource management research and its practicesRead MoreThe Relationship Between Human Resource Management and Human Resource Development976 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Relationship Between Human Resource Management and Human Resource Development Diana Williams National American University Understanding the Relationship Between Human Resource Management and Human Resource Development Human resource management (HRM) is the umbrella under which all other human resource activities are found. Some of the major activities under the umbrella are: benefits and compensation, health safety and security, human resource planning, staffing, equal employmentRead MorePerformance Management : Human Resource Development1246 Words   |  5 PagesPerformance Management; Talent Management; Organizational Development: Human Resource Development Over sometime, King has been under great scrutiny for the way situations have been handled in the past. 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Employee development is a kind of connection, continuous effort on the part of an employee and the organization for which employee works to upgrade the employee s knowledge, skills, and abilities. Successful employee development need to find a balance between an individual s career needs, goals and the organization s need in order to get work done and achieve company goals. Employee development programs make positive contributions to organizational performance.Read MoreHistorical Development Of Personnel And Human Resource Management1107 Words   |  5 Pagesorganisation the human resource management department is very important. It is essential to keep employees happy for companies to achieve the maximum profits. This reports main aim is to cover the historical development of personnel and human resource management and how it has changed from the days of Robert Owen in the Victorian era to the 21st century. This report will also include definitions of personnel and human resource management along with their main functions. DEFINITION OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Compare And Contrast Achilles And Aeneas - 1263 Words

Bryan Gilbert DWC 101: Paper 1 11/01/2017 Heroes of Opposing Audiences A comparison of Homer’s Achilles and Virgil’s Aeneas brings up the question concerning what makes someone an epic hero. Although each poet lived in a dramatically different time period, with different literary integrity, Homer and Virgil each portray an epic hero using different development of the characters, but similar themes and influences. Achilles and Aeneas demonstrate that an epic hero will do whatever it takes to fulfill their duties while simultaneously displaying the difference between Greek and Roman Society. The question will be answered by first, analyzing the individual characteristics of Achilles, a merciless warrior, and Aeneas, a civilized leader, then†¦show more content†¦He expresses no fear during battles. Throughout the Iliad, Achilles ignores the norms of the society primarily because he sees himself as a greater figure than one who has to follow a set of rules. Throughout the poem, Achilles shows how much of a savage he is through his gruesome actions. While fighting Hector, after brutally beating him up, Hector begs Achilles to return his body for a proper burial, a respected act after a battle. â€Å"Do not allow the dogs to mutilate my body By the Greek ships†, requested Hector (Homer,433). Achilles responds feeling no remorse, â€Å"I wish my stomach would let me cut off your flesh in strips and eat it raw for what you ve done to me. In this passage of the Iliad, Homer illustrates how gruesome Achilles really was. Achilles lets his anger drive his actions, seeking redemption, and he offers no respect to any of his enemies. Conversely, Virgil depicts Aeneas as a more civilized leader. Aeneas gets detoured on his trip to Italy and finds himself in Carthage. He falls in love with Dido after being stuck with her in a cave and their relationship progress quickly. Aeneas plans to stay with Dido and help rebuild her city instead of continuing his journey to conquer his own. Mercury is sent by Jupiter to remind Aeneas what he was sent out to do in the first place. â€Å"What about your own realm, your own affairs?† Mercury asked Aeneas (Virgil, 83). Aeneas was stunned, but he knew Mercury was right. This meant that it was time for him to leaveShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Paradise Lost And Paradise Lost1239 Words   |  5 Pagesantiquity There are many ways to compare and contrast Paradise Lost with the three other epics of antiquity. The epics are Paradise Lost, Aeneid, The Epic Gilgamesh, and The Iliad. The most obvious difference is era. Paradise Lost is an epic poem from the 17th century and is written in blank verse which is the most modern phrasing method. According to an article on Enotes, out of the other three epics, the Iliad and Aeneid came from the same dactyllic family. (â€Å"Compare Miltons Paradise Lost†). MeanwhileRead MoreAchilles Slaughtered The Great Trojan Hero Essay1271 Words   |  6 PagesAchilles slaughtered the great Trojan hero, Hector and single-handedly changed the tide of the battle. He was a marvelous Greek hero, but his accomplishments paled in comparison to his friend Odysseus. In addition to accruing glory and fame in the Trojan War, Odysseus went on to write history in an epic journey all across the Mediterranean to return to his family. Odysseus acquired more kleos than an y other Greek hero in Homer’s epics. The Greeks considered kleos to be the measure of a manRead MoreAchilles Slaughtered The Greatest Trojan Hero Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pages Achilles slaughtered the greatest Trojan hero, Hector and singlehandedly changed the tide of the battle. Achilles was a marvelous Greek hero, but his accomplishments were minor compared to his friend Odysseus. He also accrued glory and fame in the Trojan War but in addition went on to write history in an epic journey all across the Mediterranean to get home to his family. Odysseus acquired more kleos than any other Greek hero in Homer’s epics. In the Greek’s eyes, kleos was the measure ofRead MoreThe Iliad Of All Time Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesaround destiny, the Iliad’s underlying theme is human nature and man’s quest for glory through war. The Aeneid, however, consistently reminds us that the glory to be sought is the future history’s glories, basically saying commitment to destiny was Aeneas’ role so that Caesar and his line can reach their glory. Virgil’s audience during his time would have likely been literate aristocratic patriotic Romans, this allows for allusions to their current state, whether is the way the characters dress, theRead More The Aeneid by Virgil Essay2075 Words   |  9 Pagescoming of Rome and the journey of its Trojan founder, Aeneas, from the wreckage of his old home at Troy. While this text is extremely supportive of the greatness of the Roman Empire, it also has a distinctly private second voice that talks about loss. We also find that in C onfessions by Saint Augustine the author at times addresses God very personally, and at other times does not refer to him much at all. The private tones of these two texts contrast in that Augustine’s is generally positive, whileRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast of Odysseus and Aeneas2135 Words   |  9 PagesCompare and Contrast of Odysseus and Aeneas Odysseus, the hero in The Odyssey, and Aeneas, the hero in The Aeneid, fought in opposing sides in the Trojan war. Odysseus was the king of Ithaca and was arguably the smartest king and warrior in all of Greece, whereas Aeneas was a warrior from Troy whose destiny was to found the Roman race in Italy. While both men were highly acclaimed by their respective countrymen as heroes, they shared many similarities in respect to their background, their virtueRead More Character Analysis of Blanche DuBois in Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire2156 Words   |  9 Pages Mr. Graves sent her to her next stop on her symbolic journey - a train named Cemeteries. Her final destination was Elysian Fields. The inhabitants of this place are described in Book six of the Aenead: They are the souls, answered his [Aeneas] father Anchises, / Whose destiny it is a second time To live in the flesh and there by the waters of Lethe / They drink the draught that sets them free from care And blots out their memory.(Quirino 61) This is the place of the living

Social Determinants Of Health And Diseases - 1118 Words

Physical Activity (PA) has many benefits on our health, and importance of this has to be clearly communicated (House of Commons Health Committee 2015). Therefore, the purpose of this report is to discuss relationship between PA, health and diseases along with specific references to the current United Kingdom (UK) health status. This report will also explain two examples of social determinants of health, to show the impact failing to reach government guidelines has on remaining healthy. Relationship between Physical Activity, health and diseases. PA is defined as any body movement that works muscles and consume more energy than resting. Regular participation in PA such as: playing sports, walking, cycling, swimming, and generally moving more in a daily basis (shopping, walk instead of drive etc.) will have a significant positive impact on our health (WHO 2015). Changes in behaviour and lifestyle of the people in the last century, especially in industrialized countries caused that it is needed for many people to participate in PA. Quality of life and physical inactivity are related to long-life and diseases (Bouchard, C., Blair, S. N., and Haskell, W. L. 2012). Nowadays people are spending long time sitting in one place; it is related to our work (call centre, bank, reception etc.) and lifestyle, so it is important to get the people being active to stay well, both mentally and physically. C3health (2011) says that physical inactivity is linked with many diseases such as:Show MoreRelatedSocial Determinants Of Health May Influence The Burden Of Disease On Global Health1154 Words   |  5 Pages1. a. Social determinants of health may influence the burden of disease on global health in many ways. There are major differences in the leading causes of death between low-income, middle income, and high income countries (Moss, 2015). These differences are the result of the varied level of wealth, access to healthcare and clean water, knowledge of health care needs, and the countries’ ability to provide adequate health care to their citizens. Therefore, certain diseases are more prevalent in poorRead MoreCardiovascular Disease Among Aboriginal Men And Women Of Australia1632 Words   |  7 PagesCardiovascular Disease among Aboriginal Men and Women of Australia Introduction Cardiovascular disease is one of the major health problem that most of the countries are facing today and one of such countries is Australia. It is estimated that about 1 million of Australian population is affected by cardiovascular diseases and is among the leading cause of death in Australia (Department of Health | Cardiovascular disease, 2016). It is also observed that the Aboriginal population of Australia is moreRead MoreDeterminants of Quality Healthcare1664 Words   |  7 PagesDeterminants of Quality Health Care Determinants 2 There are people from all walks of life in America. There are people of different races, cultures, different shapes and sizes and different ages. Sickness and disease can occur with anyone. A person’s lifestyle or who they are related to is just a couple of factors when it comes to what can make them sick. Not only can disease cause death but a person can even lose their life from a mere accident. The U.S. health care delivery system wasRead MoreTuberculosis : Tuberculosis And The World Health Organization1220 Words   |  5 PagesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2014, 9.6 million Americans were infected with the Tuberculosis (TB) disease. Over the years many programs and initiatives have been implemented to decrease the occurrences of TB disease in America. As long individuals are educated on the prevention of tuberculosis fatal complications can be prevented through early treatment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the description of Tuberculosis and the demographic of interest, determinants of healthRead MoreEffectiveness Of Models Of Health1647 Words   |  7 PagesModels of Health in relation to Smoking-related Conditions Models of health include biomedical model and social models.  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Firstly, this essay explains why as patterns of illness change over the last 150 years, social models are more relevant than biomedical model in helping us understand causes of ill health. Secondly, it discusses how social models like Biopsychosocial and Dhalgren and Whitehead’s model are effective, to a certain extent, in explaining current trends in significant health issues likeRead MoreThe Health Of The Population Health937 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation health factors is a subject of extensive discussion within American health care system, nonetheless, few comprehend the bearing to modern health care environment. An array of factors like personal, social, economic, and environment issues influence and determines the health of individual and population, acting in various combination (Knickman Kovner, 2015). These determinants of health, known as population health determinants generally include genetics, access to health care, individualRead MoreThe Health Of The Modern Health Care968 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation health factors are a subject of extensive discussion within the American health care system; nonetheless, few comprehend the bearing to the modern health care environment. An array of factors like personal, social, economic, and environment issues influence and determines the health of individual and population, acting in various combinations (Knickman Kovner, 2015). These determinants of health, known as population health determinants generally include genetics, access to health care, individualRead MoreWhat Are the Social Determinants of Health740 Words   |  3 PagesWhat are social determinants of health? How do social determinants of health contribute to the development of illness? What is a communicable disease chain? Are there steps that a nurse can take to break a link within the communicable disease chain? Give a specific example. Readings within your text covering international/global health and the following websites will assist you in answering these questions: 1. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Global Health website:Read MoreMedia Article And The Social Determinants Of Health931 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction The following media analysis will review a media article that has recently been published. The report will refer to both the media article and the social determinants of health to discuss how obesity can potentially be the cause of several health issues, with appropriate evidence to support this. The media article ‘Shocking Statistics That Illustrate Australia’s Obesity Problem’ written by Leigh Campbell in the Huffington Post Australia Newspaper on February the 24th 2016 will be discussedRead MoreAn Insight Into Their Individual Effects On A Person s Health999 Words   |  4 Pagescontributing factors, automatically translates to good health. This is not true. This essay will look into how factors such as Housing, Income and Employment, affect the overall quality of health and wellbeing of an individual. Using various research findings, this essay aims to explore the various determinants, and give an insight into their individual effects on a person’s health. WHAT ARE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow,

Kant and Business Free Essays

Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher from the 18th century, who put forward a new theory of morality. He was very much concerned with formulating a criterion of moral obligation that is different from the traditional moral philosophies of his time, which consisted in the development of good character traits that must be possessed by humans. Other moral philosophies rejected by Kant include utilitarianism, which determined morality based on the consequence of their actions (The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001). We will write a custom essay sample on Kant and Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kant was able to formulate one supreme principle of morality, which he called the categorical imperative.   Kant thus wrote several works to explain his theory of morality, with titles such as â€Å"The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals,† â€Å"The Critique of Practical Reason,† and â€Å"The Metaphysics of Morals (The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001).† His first work, The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals gave Kant’s clearest explanation of his notion of the categorical imperative. Kant posited that the categorical imperative is the ultimate moral principle, which means that it could serve as the moral principle to guide to all human actions. Given the huge function of the categorical imperative, Kant provided that it must meet specific criteria. Hence, the categorical imperative should be objective, rational and freely chosen (The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001). The categorical imperative was formulated, thus: â€Å"So act, that the rule on which thou actest would admit of being adopted as a law   Ã‚   by all rational beings. (Kant,1785).† Kant’s moral philosophy is centered on the notion of obligation. This is because Kant believed it is best to have an objective rationale for morality, rather than subjective factors such as pleasure. Moreover, Kant believed that the proper actions of man could be determined through reason alone (The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001). Kant believed that moral obligation would be met when three essential elements are complied with. The first one involves obligation, which serves as the rational consideration for the human will. Second, this obligation shall be expressed in the form of a command that demands a specific course of action. Lastly, Kant demands that the moral standard should not be based on consequences of the act. (The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001). closely connected with the categorical imperative is the principle of universalizability, formulated by Kant as follows:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"So act, that the rule on which thou actest would admit of being adopted as a law by all rational beings (Kant, 1785).† This principle means that an action can only be considered an ethical imperative if his desired action could be formulated as a general rule for all humans facing similar circumstances in the future (Kant). Laws that could serve as an example of Kant’s ethical philosophy in the business context are laws against job discrimination. There are many laws that prohibit businesses from discriminating employees on account of their age, gender, national origin, color, or religion. Examples of these laws are the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Equal Pay Act of 1963, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). All of these laws comply with the criteria set by Kant to his categorical imperative. These laws look at the notion of obligation and make the laws applicable to all people in similar situations. They also serve as definite rule of conduct that are based on reason and not subjective factors like emotions. References Kant, I. (1785). The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2001). The Categorical Imperative. Retrieved    January 31, 2008, from http://www.nd.edu/~rbarger/categorical-imperative.html The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Federal Laws Prohibiting Job   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discrimination Questions And Answers. Retrieved January 31, 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/qanda.html How to cite Kant and Business, Essay examples

Marketing and Student Recruitment Policy System

Question: Discuss about the Marketing and Student Recruitment Policy System. Answer: Introduction The given report provides a detailed analysis over the marketing strategies adopted by Central Queensland University. Marketing strategy adopted by the company is considered as a road map which helps the company in achieving its objectives. The university is diversified in Australia, out of which the report has considered Sydney campus (CQ Australia, 2017). The university is a dual sector university of the Australia. By dual sector, the report means that the university provides higher education as well as vocational education. By higher education, the report means providing education based on academic purpose, while in case of vocational based education, it focuses on improving the skills level of the students. The Central Queensland University is considered as one of the contributor in generating economic growth in the Australia. The university has maximum number of students enrolled that are approximately 1 million. The management to market such students is involved on regular basis in implementing effectively the marketing tools and advertising strategies. For effective marketing management the university has approximate 100, 000 staff members. Besides this, the university is considered as one of the significant contributor in increase in the economic growth of the nation because; the university gives preference in recruiting the employees of Australia. This leads to increase in the confidence of general public as well as of other citizens of Australia for the purpose of employment (McMillan, Kinnear, Babovic, 2015). The university has its demand from various regions that is Australia and even from outside of Australia. The university has its campus in approximate 25 regions. Besides this, the demand has also increased by increase in the qualitative education provided (CQ university). Segmentation and target market Segmentation is dividing the whole market into small lot of market, this makes easy for the organsiation for targeting the segment. The organization can target one segment or more than one segment at a time depending upon the capability of the organization. In the given case of central Queensland University, the university has a wide range of population of students. The university focuses on local students for segmentation purpose. This makes the university as distinctive in comparison to the other universities such as: university of Sydney, University of Melbourne, Monash University and many more. The main objective of the university is to provide its student a quality education by providing them sustainable knowledge. Here by sustainable knowledge the report means that the university must provide education regarding establishing the relationship between the living systems and human being. While in case of targeting, the report means the marketing strategies that have been adopted by the company to target its segments. The strategies have to be designed by the university which turns the interested students into enrolled students. For this, the university has to analyze in detail the market of Australia and changing needs and demands of the students regarding studies and academic literature. The university is considered as homeland by the Australians; the reason being is adaptation of localized approach by the university. Beside this, due to effective advertising and marketing strategies, the university has enrolled approximately 5200 foreign students. By this it is said that the university is adopting international approach that is it is not only focusing on Australians but also on foreign students. In case of positioning the report means that how the university is imaged in the mind of Australians as well as foreigners. The university has excelled in creating an image in the mind of people by focusing on the localized approach and on quality education (The importance of universities to Australia's prosperity, 2015). Current market mix analysis To analyze about the current market efficiency the university has to conduct a marketing mix analysis. By marketing mix analysis, the report has means that the appropriate mix of product, price, place and promotion strategies. The university provides various courses such as: law, accounting, business management, engineering, humanities education, informational technology, health programs, science and technology and more related courses. In these courses, the university provides graduate, post graduate, and certificate degrees. The university provides approximately 300 education and training programs. It has been analyzed that central Queensland University is considered as one of the best universities in Australia due to wide range of courses offered. The price as charged by the students of the university is in the form of Australian Dollars. The university charges adequate level of prices in comparison to other universities that is it charges approximately 24000 to 30000 Australian dollar for full time courses offered by the university. Besides this, the university is involved in providing scholarships for extra ordinary students who have achieved more than the desired results or performances. This has resulted the university in highest number of enrolled students from lower social background. However this price does not involve books and facilities. The selected university is headquartered in Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane and Sydney. The university has approximately 25 campuses all over the Australia, which focuses on providing qualitative education. Besides this, the university has taken initiative in providing distance education by focusing on the students which wants to enroll in the university but is at far places from the place of university. For effective promotional strategy, the university has adopted promotional and advertising strategies by publishing its article in newspaper and on online sources. This helps to increase the student base which is highly active on online media (Singh, 2012). PEST analysis The rules and regulations as of Australian government are observed as friendly in terms of the university as well as of the students. The reason behind this is, the government of the Australia favors the current and future proposal of the university that is increasing the student base by providing the qualitative education and giving more job opportunities to the Australians. Hence by this, the university is contributing in increasing the per capital income of the Australia. Besides this, in the terms of foreign students, the university is preferred because of increase in security and safety issues. The living standard in the Central Queensland University is high; the reason behind this is it supports the interest of its enrolled and interested students. This increases the number of the students to get enrolled in the university. This is the main reason of increase in the percentage of number of students enrolled of lower social background. The living standard is high of central Queensland University because of strong economic cycle of Australia (Seary, Willans, Cook, 2016). The university gives more opportunities for the students to get enrolled from different backgrounds. Besides this the university also provides a facility of providing scholarships which are from lower economic background and cannot bear the burden of cost of education. The university also provides lower fees structure for the international students to encourage the foreign currency in Australia. Central Queensland University focuses on providing best technological facilities, by enabling the data available for the students at a central location. Besides this, the students enrolled in the university are also provided with the facility of high speed internet to avail the benefit of vast research on the study topic and to increase the knowledge base of the students. Competitor analysis of a close competitor or competitive brand The Central Queensland University has major three competitors which are as: University of Melbourne, university of Sydney and James cook university. The university has a close competition with James Cook University. To effectively compete with its close competitor, the university has a mission to become best education provider at efficient prices by 2020. For this the company has increased the customer base and places for providing the qualitative education. By adopting the current marketing strategy, the university posses 401th rank in providing education programs across the world. This has aided the university in providing the leadership in learning, research and education. In case of comparison between the close competitors of the university that is James Cook University, the central Queensland University has more campus over the Australia; even the central Queensland University provides the educational facilities at cheaper price (JCU, 2017). SWOT analysis Strength The positive aspect of the university is that it provides a large variety of courses; it is a pioneer in introducing the concept of distance based education. It has the highest percentage of students which are from lower economic background. Weakness The university faces an extreme level of competition from its major competitors. Besides this the educational system is not as good as compare to any other international universities. Opportunity The university has introduced more opportunities for employment for the citizens of Australia. It results in increasing the number of enrolled students. Threat The university faces competition threat from its competitors which works at international level. Value and brand positioning strategies The university is known as one of the best university in the Australia, which is focused in providing the qualitative knowledge for its students. This helps in creating the value in the mind of its students in building their career. While in case of positioning brand, the university has started to involve foreign students in its total student base. This leads to increase in the competitive advantage of the company. By observing the university, it has been analyzed that the university is at its growing stage, hence it is recommended for the university to introduce various marketing strategy to increase the student base and to effectively compete with the international universities (CQ University Australia, 2017). Conclusion By analyzing the report over Central Queensland University, the university is considered as one of the leading university. The increased in educational facilities has lead the university in increasing the student base even in case of foreign citizens. References About JCU, (2017). (ONLINE).Retrieved from: https://www.jcu.edu.au/about-jcu (Accessed on: 8 April 2017) CQ Australia,. (2017) Marketing and student recruitment policy and procedure. Retrieved on 21st March, from https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=3cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwiWjvXmp-fSAhXELo8KHbCDD4sQFgglMAIurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cqu.edu.au%2Fpolicy%2Fsharepoint-document-download%3Ffile_uri%3D%257BBE8380F3-F86D-4C55-AC0D-84A81EAFD6A2%257D%2FMarketing%2520and%2520Student%2520Recruitment%2520Policy%2520and%2520Procedure.pdfusg=AFQjCNFYZPtT7c6uJ5QwvAG1vGjWSRrnGA CQ University Australia,. (2017) International courses and fees 2017. Retrieved on 21st March, 2017 from https://my.cqu.edu.au/documents/10165/106248200/International+Courses+and+Fees+2017_V1.pdf/bec955c2-154d-4103-b21a-b23fc19d4085 CQ university,. (n.d.) Vision and values. Retrieved on 21st March, 2017 from https://www.cqu.edu.au/about-us/about-cquniversity/vision-and-values McMillan, G., Kinnear, S., Babovic, N. (2015). Comprehensive universities and the role of the national TAFE system: the CQUniversity context.About the research, 16. Seary, K., Willans, J., Cook, C. (2016). Design for success: Did we get it right? Measuring the success of STEPS as a remodelled CQUniversity enabling offering.International Studies in Widening Participation,3(1), 4-18. Singh, M,. (2012) Marketing mix of 4Ps for competitive advantage, Journal of business and management 3(6) The importance of universities to Australia's prosperity,(2015). (ONLINE).Retrieved from: https://www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au/Media-and-Events/commissioned-studies/The-Importance-of-universities-to-Australia-s-prosperity/The-importance-of-universities-to-Australia-s-prosperity#.WOiNDmmGPIU (Accessed on: 8 April 2017)