Social Determinants Of Health And Diseases - 1118 Words

Physical Activity (PA) has many benefits on our health, and importance of this has to be clearly communicated (House of Commons Health Committee 2015). Therefore, the purpose of this report is to discuss relationship between PA, health and diseases along with specific references to the current United Kingdom (UK) health status. This report will also explain two examples of social determinants of health, to show the impact failing to reach government guidelines has on remaining healthy. Relationship between Physical Activity, health and diseases. PA is defined as any body movement that works muscles and consume more energy than resting. Regular participation in PA such as: playing sports, walking, cycling, swimming, and generally moving more in a daily basis (shopping, walk instead of drive etc.) will have a significant positive impact on our health (WHO 2015). Changes in behaviour and lifestyle of the people in the last century, especially in industrialized countries caused that it is needed for many people to participate in PA. Quality of life and physical inactivity are related to long-life and diseases (Bouchard, C., Blair, S. N., and Haskell, W. L. 2012). Nowadays people are spending long time sitting in one place; it is related to our work (call centre, bank, reception etc.) and lifestyle, so it is important to get the people being active to stay well, both mentally and physically. C3health (2011) says that physical inactivity is linked with many diseases such as:Show MoreRelatedSocial Determinants Of Health May Influence The Burden Of Disease On Global Health1154 Words   |  5 Pages1. a. Social determinants of health may influence the burden of disease on global health in many ways. There are major differences in the leading causes of death between low-income, middle income, and high income countries (Moss, 2015). These differences are the result of the varied level of wealth, access to healthcare and clean water, knowledge of health care needs, and the countries’ ability to provide adequate health care to their citizens. Therefore, certain diseases are more prevalent in poorRead MoreCardiovascular Disease Among Aboriginal Men And Women Of Australia1632 Words   |  7 PagesCardiovascular Disease among Aboriginal Men and Women of Australia Introduction Cardiovascular disease is one of the major health problem that most of the countries are facing today and one of such countries is Australia. It is estimated that about 1 million of Australian population is affected by cardiovascular diseases and is among the leading cause of death in Australia (Department of Health | Cardiovascular disease, 2016). It is also observed that the Aboriginal population of Australia is moreRead MoreDeterminants of Quality Healthcare1664 Words   |  7 PagesDeterminants of Quality Health Care Determinants 2 There are people from all walks of life in America. There are people of different races, cultures, different shapes and sizes and different ages. Sickness and disease can occur with anyone. A person’s lifestyle or who they are related to is just a couple of factors when it comes to what can make them sick. Not only can disease cause death but a person can even lose their life from a mere accident. The U.S. health care delivery system wasRead MoreTuberculosis : Tuberculosis And The World Health Organization1220 Words   |  5 PagesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2014, 9.6 million Americans were infected with the Tuberculosis (TB) disease. Over the years many programs and initiatives have been implemented to decrease the occurrences of TB disease in America. As long individuals are educated on the prevention of tuberculosis fatal complications can be prevented through early treatment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the description of Tuberculosis and the demographic of interest, determinants of healthRead MoreEffectiveness Of Models Of Health1647 Words   |  7 PagesModels of Health in relation to Smoking-related Conditions Models of health include biomedical model and social models.  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Firstly, this essay explains why as patterns of illness change over the last 150 years, social models are more relevant than biomedical model in helping us understand causes of ill health. Secondly, it discusses how social models like Biopsychosocial and Dhalgren and Whitehead’s model are effective, to a certain extent, in explaining current trends in significant health issues likeRead MoreThe Health Of The Population Health937 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation health factors is a subject of extensive discussion within American health care system, nonetheless, few comprehend the bearing to modern health care environment. An array of factors like personal, social, economic, and environment issues influence and determines the health of individual and population, acting in various combination (Knickman Kovner, 2015). These determinants of health, known as population health determinants generally include genetics, access to health care, individualRead MoreThe Health Of The Modern Health Care968 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation health factors are a subject of extensive discussion within the American health care system; nonetheless, few comprehend the bearing to the modern health care environment. An array of factors like personal, social, economic, and environment issues influence and determines the health of individual and population, acting in various combinations (Knickman Kovner, 2015). These determinants of health, known as population health determinants generally include genetics, access to health care, individualRead MoreWhat Are the Social Determinants of Health740 Words   |  3 PagesWhat are social determinants of health? How do social determinants of health contribute to the development of illness? What is a communicable disease chain? Are there steps that a nurse can take to break a link within the communicable disease chain? Give a specific example. Readings within your text covering international/global health and the following websites will assist you in answering these questions: 1. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Global Health website:Read MoreMedia Article And The Social Determinants Of Health931 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction The following media analysis will review a media article that has recently been published. The report will refer to both the media article and the social determinants of health to discuss how obesity can potentially be the cause of several health issues, with appropriate evidence to support this. The media article ‘Shocking Statistics That Illustrate Australia’s Obesity Problem’ written by Leigh Campbell in the Huffington Post Australia Newspaper on February the 24th 2016 will be discussedRead MoreAn Insight Into Their Individual Effects On A Person s Health999 Words   |  4 Pagescontributing factors, automatically translates to good health. This is not true. This essay will look into how factors such as Housing, Income and Employment, affect the overall quality of health and wellbeing of an individual. Using various research findings, this essay aims to explore the various determinants, and give an insight into their individual effects on a person’s health. WHAT ARE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow,

Kant and Business Free Essays

Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher from the 18th century, who put forward a new theory of morality. He was very much concerned with formulating a criterion of moral obligation that is different from the traditional moral philosophies of his time, which consisted in the development of good character traits that must be possessed by humans. Other moral philosophies rejected by Kant include utilitarianism, which determined morality based on the consequence of their actions (The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001). We will write a custom essay sample on Kant and Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kant was able to formulate one supreme principle of morality, which he called the categorical imperative.   Kant thus wrote several works to explain his theory of morality, with titles such as â€Å"The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals,† â€Å"The Critique of Practical Reason,† and â€Å"The Metaphysics of Morals (The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001).† His first work, The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals gave Kant’s clearest explanation of his notion of the categorical imperative. Kant posited that the categorical imperative is the ultimate moral principle, which means that it could serve as the moral principle to guide to all human actions. Given the huge function of the categorical imperative, Kant provided that it must meet specific criteria. Hence, the categorical imperative should be objective, rational and freely chosen (The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001). The categorical imperative was formulated, thus: â€Å"So act, that the rule on which thou actest would admit of being adopted as a law   Ã‚   by all rational beings. (Kant,1785).† Kant’s moral philosophy is centered on the notion of obligation. This is because Kant believed it is best to have an objective rationale for morality, rather than subjective factors such as pleasure. Moreover, Kant believed that the proper actions of man could be determined through reason alone (The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001). Kant believed that moral obligation would be met when three essential elements are complied with. The first one involves obligation, which serves as the rational consideration for the human will. Second, this obligation shall be expressed in the form of a command that demands a specific course of action. Lastly, Kant demands that the moral standard should not be based on consequences of the act. (The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001). closely connected with the categorical imperative is the principle of universalizability, formulated by Kant as follows:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"So act, that the rule on which thou actest would admit of being adopted as a law by all rational beings (Kant, 1785).† This principle means that an action can only be considered an ethical imperative if his desired action could be formulated as a general rule for all humans facing similar circumstances in the future (Kant). Laws that could serve as an example of Kant’s ethical philosophy in the business context are laws against job discrimination. There are many laws that prohibit businesses from discriminating employees on account of their age, gender, national origin, color, or religion. Examples of these laws are the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Equal Pay Act of 1963, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). All of these laws comply with the criteria set by Kant to his categorical imperative. These laws look at the notion of obligation and make the laws applicable to all people in similar situations. They also serve as definite rule of conduct that are based on reason and not subjective factors like emotions. References Kant, I. (1785). The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2001). The Categorical Imperative. Retrieved    January 31, 2008, from http://www.nd.edu/~rbarger/categorical-imperative.html The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Federal Laws Prohibiting Job   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discrimination Questions And Answers. Retrieved January 31, 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/qanda.html How to cite Kant and Business, Essay examples

Marketing and Student Recruitment Policy System

Question: Discuss about the Marketing and Student Recruitment Policy System. Answer: Introduction The given report provides a detailed analysis over the marketing strategies adopted by Central Queensland University. Marketing strategy adopted by the company is considered as a road map which helps the company in achieving its objectives. The university is diversified in Australia, out of which the report has considered Sydney campus (CQ Australia, 2017). The university is a dual sector university of the Australia. By dual sector, the report means that the university provides higher education as well as vocational education. By higher education, the report means providing education based on academic purpose, while in case of vocational based education, it focuses on improving the skills level of the students. The Central Queensland University is considered as one of the contributor in generating economic growth in the Australia. The university has maximum number of students enrolled that are approximately 1 million. The management to market such students is involved on regular basis in implementing effectively the marketing tools and advertising strategies. For effective marketing management the university has approximate 100, 000 staff members. Besides this, the university is considered as one of the significant contributor in increase in the economic growth of the nation because; the university gives preference in recruiting the employees of Australia. This leads to increase in the confidence of general public as well as of other citizens of Australia for the purpose of employment (McMillan, Kinnear, Babovic, 2015). The university has its demand from various regions that is Australia and even from outside of Australia. The university has its campus in approximate 25 regions. Besides this, the demand has also increased by increase in the qualitative education provided (CQ university). Segmentation and target market Segmentation is dividing the whole market into small lot of market, this makes easy for the organsiation for targeting the segment. The organization can target one segment or more than one segment at a time depending upon the capability of the organization. In the given case of central Queensland University, the university has a wide range of population of students. The university focuses on local students for segmentation purpose. This makes the university as distinctive in comparison to the other universities such as: university of Sydney, University of Melbourne, Monash University and many more. The main objective of the university is to provide its student a quality education by providing them sustainable knowledge. Here by sustainable knowledge the report means that the university must provide education regarding establishing the relationship between the living systems and human being. While in case of targeting, the report means the marketing strategies that have been adopted by the company to target its segments. The strategies have to be designed by the university which turns the interested students into enrolled students. For this, the university has to analyze in detail the market of Australia and changing needs and demands of the students regarding studies and academic literature. The university is considered as homeland by the Australians; the reason being is adaptation of localized approach by the university. Beside this, due to effective advertising and marketing strategies, the university has enrolled approximately 5200 foreign students. By this it is said that the university is adopting international approach that is it is not only focusing on Australians but also on foreign students. In case of positioning the report means that how the university is imaged in the mind of Australians as well as foreigners. The university has excelled in creating an image in the mind of people by focusing on the localized approach and on quality education (The importance of universities to Australia's prosperity, 2015). Current market mix analysis To analyze about the current market efficiency the university has to conduct a marketing mix analysis. By marketing mix analysis, the report has means that the appropriate mix of product, price, place and promotion strategies. The university provides various courses such as: law, accounting, business management, engineering, humanities education, informational technology, health programs, science and technology and more related courses. In these courses, the university provides graduate, post graduate, and certificate degrees. The university provides approximately 300 education and training programs. It has been analyzed that central Queensland University is considered as one of the best universities in Australia due to wide range of courses offered. The price as charged by the students of the university is in the form of Australian Dollars. The university charges adequate level of prices in comparison to other universities that is it charges approximately 24000 to 30000 Australian dollar for full time courses offered by the university. Besides this, the university is involved in providing scholarships for extra ordinary students who have achieved more than the desired results or performances. This has resulted the university in highest number of enrolled students from lower social background. However this price does not involve books and facilities. The selected university is headquartered in Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane and Sydney. The university has approximately 25 campuses all over the Australia, which focuses on providing qualitative education. Besides this, the university has taken initiative in providing distance education by focusing on the students which wants to enroll in the university but is at far places from the place of university. For effective promotional strategy, the university has adopted promotional and advertising strategies by publishing its article in newspaper and on online sources. This helps to increase the student base which is highly active on online media (Singh, 2012). PEST analysis The rules and regulations as of Australian government are observed as friendly in terms of the university as well as of the students. The reason behind this is, the government of the Australia favors the current and future proposal of the university that is increasing the student base by providing the qualitative education and giving more job opportunities to the Australians. Hence by this, the university is contributing in increasing the per capital income of the Australia. Besides this, in the terms of foreign students, the university is preferred because of increase in security and safety issues. The living standard in the Central Queensland University is high; the reason behind this is it supports the interest of its enrolled and interested students. This increases the number of the students to get enrolled in the university. This is the main reason of increase in the percentage of number of students enrolled of lower social background. The living standard is high of central Queensland University because of strong economic cycle of Australia (Seary, Willans, Cook, 2016). The university gives more opportunities for the students to get enrolled from different backgrounds. Besides this the university also provides a facility of providing scholarships which are from lower economic background and cannot bear the burden of cost of education. The university also provides lower fees structure for the international students to encourage the foreign currency in Australia. Central Queensland University focuses on providing best technological facilities, by enabling the data available for the students at a central location. Besides this, the students enrolled in the university are also provided with the facility of high speed internet to avail the benefit of vast research on the study topic and to increase the knowledge base of the students. Competitor analysis of a close competitor or competitive brand The Central Queensland University has major three competitors which are as: University of Melbourne, university of Sydney and James cook university. The university has a close competition with James Cook University. To effectively compete with its close competitor, the university has a mission to become best education provider at efficient prices by 2020. For this the company has increased the customer base and places for providing the qualitative education. By adopting the current marketing strategy, the university posses 401th rank in providing education programs across the world. This has aided the university in providing the leadership in learning, research and education. In case of comparison between the close competitors of the university that is James Cook University, the central Queensland University has more campus over the Australia; even the central Queensland University provides the educational facilities at cheaper price (JCU, 2017). SWOT analysis Strength The positive aspect of the university is that it provides a large variety of courses; it is a pioneer in introducing the concept of distance based education. It has the highest percentage of students which are from lower economic background. Weakness The university faces an extreme level of competition from its major competitors. Besides this the educational system is not as good as compare to any other international universities. Opportunity The university has introduced more opportunities for employment for the citizens of Australia. It results in increasing the number of enrolled students. Threat The university faces competition threat from its competitors which works at international level. Value and brand positioning strategies The university is known as one of the best university in the Australia, which is focused in providing the qualitative knowledge for its students. This helps in creating the value in the mind of its students in building their career. While in case of positioning brand, the university has started to involve foreign students in its total student base. This leads to increase in the competitive advantage of the company. By observing the university, it has been analyzed that the university is at its growing stage, hence it is recommended for the university to introduce various marketing strategy to increase the student base and to effectively compete with the international universities (CQ University Australia, 2017). Conclusion By analyzing the report over Central Queensland University, the university is considered as one of the leading university. The increased in educational facilities has lead the university in increasing the student base even in case of foreign citizens. References About JCU, (2017). (ONLINE).Retrieved from: https://www.jcu.edu.au/about-jcu (Accessed on: 8 April 2017) CQ Australia,. (2017) Marketing and student recruitment policy and procedure. Retrieved on 21st March, from https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=3cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwiWjvXmp-fSAhXELo8KHbCDD4sQFgglMAIurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cqu.edu.au%2Fpolicy%2Fsharepoint-document-download%3Ffile_uri%3D%257BBE8380F3-F86D-4C55-AC0D-84A81EAFD6A2%257D%2FMarketing%2520and%2520Student%2520Recruitment%2520Policy%2520and%2520Procedure.pdfusg=AFQjCNFYZPtT7c6uJ5QwvAG1vGjWSRrnGA CQ University Australia,. (2017) International courses and fees 2017. Retrieved on 21st March, 2017 from https://my.cqu.edu.au/documents/10165/106248200/International+Courses+and+Fees+2017_V1.pdf/bec955c2-154d-4103-b21a-b23fc19d4085 CQ university,. (n.d.) Vision and values. Retrieved on 21st March, 2017 from https://www.cqu.edu.au/about-us/about-cquniversity/vision-and-values McMillan, G., Kinnear, S., Babovic, N. (2015). Comprehensive universities and the role of the national TAFE system: the CQUniversity context.About the research, 16. Seary, K., Willans, J., Cook, C. (2016). Design for success: Did we get it right? Measuring the success of STEPS as a remodelled CQUniversity enabling offering.International Studies in Widening Participation,3(1), 4-18. Singh, M,. (2012) Marketing mix of 4Ps for competitive advantage, Journal of business and management 3(6) The importance of universities to Australia's prosperity,(2015). (ONLINE).Retrieved from: https://www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au/Media-and-Events/commissioned-studies/The-Importance-of-universities-to-Australia-s-prosperity/The-importance-of-universities-to-Australia-s-prosperity#.WOiNDmmGPIU (Accessed on: 8 April 2017)

Male Or Female Essays - Abortion, Gender Studies, Law,

Male Or Female? Overall, the rights and status of women have improved considerably in the last century; however, gender equality has recently been threatened within the last decade. Blatantly sexist laws and practices are slowly being eliminated while social perceptions of women's roles continue to stagnate and even degrade back to traditional ideals. It is these social perceptions that challenge the evolution of women as equal on all levels. In this study, I will argue that subtle and blatant sexism continues to exist throughout educational, economic, professional and legal arenas. Women who carefully follow their expected roles may never recognize sexism as an oppressive force in their life. I find many parallels between women's experiences in the nineties with Betty Friedan's, in her essay: The Way We Were - 1949. She dealt with a society that expected women to fulfill certain roles. Those roles completely disregarded the needs of educated and motivated business women and scientific women. Actually, the subtle message that society gave was that the educated woman was actually selfish and evil. I remember in particular the searing effect on me, who once intended to be a psychologist, of a story in McCall's in December 1949 called A Weekend with Daddy. A little girl who lives a lonely life with her mother, divorced, an intellectual know-it-all psychologist, goes to the country to spend a weekend with her father and his new wife, who is wholesome, happy, and a good cook and gardener. And there is love and laughter and growing flowers and hot clams and a gourmet cheese omelet and square dancing, and she doesn't want to go home. But, pitying her poor mother typing away all by herself in the lonesome apartment, she keeps her guilty secret that from now on she will be living for the moments when she can escape to that dream home in the country where they know what life is all about. (See Endnote #1) I have often consulted my grandparents about their experiences, and I find their historical perspective enlightening. My grandmother was pregnant with her third child in 1949. Her work experience included: interior design and modeling women's clothes for the Sears catalog. I asked her to read the Friedan essay and let me know if she felt as moved as I was, and to share with me her experiences of sexism. Her immediate reaction was to point out that Betty Friedan was a college educated woman and she had certain goals that never interested me. My grandmother, though growing up during a time when women had few social rights, said she didn't experience oppressive sexism in her life. However, when she describes her life accomplishments, I feel she has spent most of her life fulfilling the expected roles of women instead of pursuing goals that were mostly reserved for men. Unknowingly, her life was controlled by traditional, sexist values prevalent in her time and still prevalent in the nin eties. Twenty-four years after the above article from McCall's magazine was written, the Supreme Court decided whether women should have a right to an abortion in Roe v. Wade (410 U.S. 113 (1973)). I believe the decision was made in favor of women's rights mostly because the court made a progressive decision to consider the woman as a human who may be motivated by other things in life than just being a mother. Justice Blackmun delivered the following opinion: Maternity, or additional offspring, may force upon the woman a distressful life and future. Psychological harm may be imminent. Mental and physical health may be taxed by child care. There is also a distress, for all concerned, associated with the unwanted child, and there is the problem of bringing a child into a family already unable, psychologically and otherwise, to care for it. In other cases, as in this one, the additional difficulties and continuing stigma of unwed motherhood may be involved. (See Endnote #2) I feel the court decision of Roe v. Wade would not have been made in 1949. Even in 1973, it was a progressive decision. The problem of abortion has existed for the entire history of this country (and beyond), but had never been addressed because discussing these issues was not socially acceptable. A

Profile of Panama for Spanish Students

Profile of Panama for Spanish Students Introduction: Panama historically has had closer ties with the United States than any country in Latin America other than Mexico. The country is known best, of course, for the Panama Canal, which the United States built for both military and trade purposes at the start of the 20th century. The United States maintained sovereignty over parts of Panama until 1999. Vital Statistics: Panama covers an area of 78,200 square kilometers. It had a population of 3 million at the end of 2003 and a growth rate of 1.36 percent (July 2003 estimate). The life expectancy at birth is 72 years. The literacy rate is about 93 percent. The countrys gross domestic product is about $6,000 per person, and a little more than a third of the people live in poverty. The unemployment rate was 16 percent in 2002. Main industries are the Panama Canal and international banking. Linguistic Highlights: Spanish is the official language. About 14 percent speak a creole form of English, and many residents are bilingual in Spanish and English. About 7 percent speak indigenous languages, the largest of them being Ngberre. There are also pockets of Arabic and Chinese speakers. Studying Spanish in Panama: Panama has several small language schools, most of them in Panama City. Most of the schools offer home stays, and costs tend to be low. Tourist Attractions: The Panama Canal is on most visitors must-see list, but those coming for extended stays can find a wide variety of destinations. They include beaches on both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, Darien National Park and cosmopolitan Panama City. Trivia: Panama was the first Latin American country to adopt the U.S. currency as its own. Technically, the balboa is the official currency, but U.S. bills are used for paper money. Panamanian coins are used, however. History: Before the Spanish arrived, what is now Panama was populated by 500,000 or more people from dozens of groups. The largest group was the Cuna, whose earliest origins are unknown. Other major groups included the Guaymà ­ and the Chocà ³. The first Spaniard in the area was Rodrigo de Bastidas, who explored the Atlantic coast in 1501. Christopher Columbus visited in 1502. Both conquest and disease reduced the indigenous population. In 1821 the area was a province of Colombia when Colombia declared its independence from Spain. Building a canal across Panama had been considered as early as the mid 16th century, and in 1880 the French tried - but the attempt ended in the death of some 22,000 workers from yellow fever and malaria. Panamanian revolutionaries secured Panamas independence from Colombia in 1903 with military support from the United States, which quickly negotiated the rights to build a canal and exercise sovereignty over land on both sides. The U.S. started construction of the canal in 1904 and finished the greatest engineering achievement of its time  in 10 years. Relations between the U.S. and Panama in coming decades were strained, largely due to popular Panamanian bitterness over the prominent role of the U.S. In 1977, despite controversies and political snags in both the U.S. and Panama, the countries negotiated an agreement turning over the canal to Panama at the end of the 20th century. In 1989, U.S. President George H.W. Bush sent U.S. troops to Panama to oust and capture Panamanian President Manuel Noriega. He was forcefully brought to the United States, put on trial for drug trafficking and other crimes, and imprisoned.   The treaty turning over the canal was not fully accepted by many political conservatives in the United States. When a ceremony was held in Panama in 1999 to formally turn over the canal, no senior U.S. officials attended.

History of the Iron Lung or Respirator

History of the Iron Lung or Respirator By definition, the iron lung is an airtight metal tank that encloses all of the body except the head and forces the lungs to inhale and exhale through regulated changes in air pressure. According to Robert Hall author of History of the British Iron Lung, the first scientist to appreciate the mechanics of respiration was John Mayow. John Mayow In 1670, John Mayow demonstrated that air is drawn into the lungs by enlarging the thoracic cavity. He built a model using bellows inside which was inserted a bladder. Expanding the bellows caused air to fill the bladder and compressing the bellows expelled air from the bladder. This was the principle of artificial respiration called external negative pressure ventilation or ENPV that would lead to the invention of the iron lung and other respirators. Iron Lung Respirator - Philip Drinker The first modern and practical respirator nicknamed the iron lung was invented by Harvard medical researchers Philip Drinker and Louis Agassiz Shaw in 1927. The inventors used an iron box and two vacuum cleaners to build their prototype respirator. Almost the length of a subcompact car, the iron lung exerted a push-pull motion on the chest. In 1927, the first iron lung was installed at Bellevue hospital in New York City. The first patients of the iron lung were polio sufferers with chest paralysis. Later, John Emerson improved upon Philip Drinker’s invention and invented an iron lung that cost half as much to manufacture.

Performance Management - Research and Assessment Term Paper

Performance Management - Research and Assessment - Term Paper Example SM Energy Company has a goal planning sessions which undertakes development of goals by the employees which are later approved by managers (Aguinis, # 10). The business strategy in SM energy is done through cascading goals in order to support the process of performance management effectively and efficiently. Board of directors is the ones who sets and approves the goals and the goals are communicated to the organization by the management. The company has formulated training and education for workers which are formulated based on performance management. Performance management is an ongoing activity. Each employee should be kept updated thus why training is vital (Rausch, #34). SM Energy employee’s views performance management as effective and fair because they do not dispute its process. Evaluation of performance is done twice per year. Employees should be given the chance to give their opinions concerning performance management thus enhancing the handling performances issues that are difficult. Poor performance is well addressed in SM Energy Company. It is majorly based on progressive discipline. Before taking disciplinary actions, coaching is done first and later performance improvement plan is used to address the problem. Performance improvement plan is described as a structured document that discusses mainly the problem or the influence of the problem on department, person or the organization. It acts as a letter of warning before one is terminated from the organization. There are several measure that SM energy company employs like any other organization to determine whether the performance management process is effective. The first one is that at the end of each year they observe the distribution of ratings. This means that majority of the employees are meeting their set goals. Another measure is Lake Woebegone effect, this is the feeling that each person should be above average

Why is old world wine dropping down in uk Essay - 3

Why is old world wine dropping down in uk - Essay Example During the same period the author find that the New World wine has grown by 3.4%, whereas Old World wine has lost the market share by around 2%. xliv The wine market in UK has been the central hub of wine collection from all over the world. Until recently the Old World economies have been leading in the UK wine market for supplying the classic wines. However, with the emergence of the New World wine producers offering a huge array of wine to choose from along with aggressive promotional strategies have overpoweringly grabbed the market from the hands of the Old World wine manufacturers. The Old World countries like France which used to enjoy monopoly for decades in exporting its tradition-rich wines to the UK markets are now being dominated by the New World economies like Australia with incredible marketing techniques. Factors like poor branding, restricted labelling, inconsistent quality and inept promotional strategy have together led to the decline of the Old World wine producers in the UK wine market. To combat this severe threat an intensive reviewing of attitudes towards brands is exactly what is required for the Old World wine producers to recapture the wine market in UK from the hands of the New Wold wine manufacturers. Understanding the consumers’ needs in today’s modern wine market, adopting clear labelling, recognizing the increasingly stylish wine supply chain, filling the huge information gaps is exactly what is required from the manufacturers of Old World wines. Hence, it is only through the union of innumerable small Old World wine producers reviewing their entire branding strategy that the possibility of their sustainability in the UK wine market prevails. Various European wine producing economies are undergoing tough times in UK wine market (Harrop, 2006). France, Spain, Italy and Portugal, the leading wine producers of the world are gradually losing their

Marijuana as a Social Problem Essay Example for Free

Marijuana as a Social Problem Essay Introduction Marijuana is a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of the hemp plant. You may hear marijuana called by street names such as pot, herb, weed, grass, boom, Mary Jane, gangster, or chronic. There are more than 200 slang terms for marijuana. All forms of marijuana are mind-altering. In other words, they change how the brain works. They all contain THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), the main active chemical in marijuana. They also contain more than 400 other chemicals. Marijuanas effects on the user depend on the strength or potency of the THC it contains. The potency of marijuana has increased since the 1970s but has been about the same since the mid-1980s. Marijuana inherits its name from Mexico, although it has a past steeped with global tradition. Long before its U.S. debut, marijuana was widely used, and popular among, some of the world’s earliest civilizations. History documents show that the fiber-rich cannabis plant was used to produce rope and woven fabrics around 7000 B.C. in Central and South Asia. Additionally, it was referenced in Chinese manuscripts dating back to 2700 B.C. and ancient Indian scriptures have attributed medicinal properties to it. After being used by half of the world for nearly 8,000 years, marijuana traditionally reached North America with Christopher Columbus in 1492 A.D. Initially, cannabis was only used to make industrial goods; its recreational use in America didn’t become popular until the early 20th century. It wasn’t until then that the misunderstandings about cannabis truly began to popup. The recreational use of marijuana soon became considered as harmful as cocaine or heroin. However, it has never led to a single case of human death from overdose in its entire history. This is a sharp contrast to the heavy mortality rate of its supposed counterparts. Nonetheless, the use and cultivation of the cannabis plant was made illegal at the hands of many capable antidrug advocates. Domestic production of the marijuana plant was encouraged in various parts of America during the 17th century. The cannabis sativa plant, whose dried flower extracts can form potent recreational marijuana, was in great demand because of its long fibers which could be used for the production of clothing, ropes, and sails. In fact, The Assembly of Jamestown Colony, Virginia, passed legislation in 1619 making it compulsory for every farmer to grow the Indian hempseed – ironically America’s first marijuana law. Other colonial states like Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania allowed hemp to be exchanged as legal tender and could even be used to pay taxes. The plant was an essential requirement during war times and farmers would be jailed if they were not able to produce enough hemp. Men who Americans hold in great reverence grew and encouraged the growth of hemp. George Washington grew hemp as his primary crop in the late 18th century for fiber production at Mount Vernon. Thomas Jefferson grew the plant as a secondary crop at Monticello and urged farmers to grow hemp in place of tobacco due to its many useful qualities. Even Benjamin Franklin used cannabis as the raw material to start one of America’s pioneering paper mills. By the mid-19th century, marijuana’s medicinal properties were recognized in North America and it was used as a popular ingredient in many medicinal products. The United States Pharmacopeia had marijuana on its list of pharmaceuticals from 1850 until 1942, and many companies like Brothers Smith, Eli Lilly, Parke-Davis, and Tildens produced a cannabis extract, which Sir William Osler, â€Å"the father of modern medicine,† pronounced as the best treatment for migraines. Marijuana was prescribed for various pain-relieving and mood-altering conditions such as nausea, labor pains, and rheumatism. A score of medical papers were published in this era flaunting the curing abilities of cannabis, and even the personal physician of Queen Victoria, Sir John Russell Reynolds, announced cannabis as having amazing powers to treat painful maladies. It was sold openly and was easily available in public pharmacies. However, during this time, marijuana was also starting to be used more often as an intoxicant. The recreational use of marijuana started on a small scale in the late 19th century in the northeastern United States with the opening of many Turkish smoking parlors. It was also during this time that about two to five percent of America’s population had unknowingly become addicted to morphine as most over-the-counter medicines contained levels of the substance. Among the addicts were soldiers, businessmen, housewives, and children. In response, the American government passed the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906 and formed the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in part to help counter and control the addiction situation. The law, though not targeting marijuana specifically, also required cannabis -based medications to have its contents mentioned on the label. TThe Spanish-American War, and the subsequent Mexican revolution of 1910, also influenced the marijuana scene in America. During the post-revolution years there was a great influx of Mexican-Americans who mostly found work on large farms in American fields. These immigrants cultivated marijuana, which they brought with them from Mexico, and indulged in its smoking for recreational purposes. Strong prejudice against the immigrants caused many to view the plant as an addictive and violence-inducing drug that created criminals, murderers, and delinquents. Not until the 1930’s, when the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and its director, Harry J. Anslinger, began drafting a bill to tax marijuana did an all out smear campaign begin, which eventually led to its national ban. State regulation of cannabis started in Massachusetts in 1911 and in New York and Maine by 1914. California passed the first state marijuana prohibition law in 1913, outlawing the preparations of hemp or â€Å"locoweed,† which was more a prejudiced controlling measure over the Mexican immigrant population than a controlling measure over the marijuana itself. More states came up with laws that banned marijuana, including Wyoming in 1915, Texas in 1919, and Nebraska in 1927. The states of Iowa, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, and Arkansas took this step in 1923. Marijuana was prohibited by 29 states by 1931 due largely to the poor socio-economic conditions during The Great Depression. With unemployment at its peak, many American’s found they competing against Mexican immigrants for jobs in the fields. Consequently, Mexican workers and their associated drug marijuana became easy targets for attack. By this time, marijuana’s misleading reputation began to overshadow its historic medicinal and industrial applications.

Curleys Wife in Of Mice and Men :: John Steinbeck

OF MICE AND MEN Essay. Curley's wife is seen as a cheap possession, a toy that belongs to Curley. A possession that he gets to control. His lack of love, respect and attention results to her death in the end. By all the men she’s seen as a tramp, they think that she’s out cause trouble. But the truth is she’s desperately lonely. She just wants someone to talk to. She’s missed out on a wonderful life that could have been hers, and that hurts her. Curley’s wife is a beautiful woman, whose blossoming with love, with big hopes for the future. She dreams of becoming a big actress n Hollywood. She wants to become rich and famous, and have nice cloths. She wants to make something from her life. Because of her beauty she was promised great things. But in reality her dreams never came true, the letters she awaited never came, the promises that were maid to her were never fulfilled. â€Å"Could’ve been in the movies, an’ had nice clothes†. She refused to stay where she would be a nobody. â€Å"Well, I wasn’t gonna stay no place where I couldn’t get nowhere or make something of my life†. So one night she meat Curley at the Riverside Dance Palace, and she married him, he became her ticket out from her desperate life. She never married him out of love and passion just of desperation. â€Å"I don’t like Curley. He aint a nice fella†. Curley’s relationship with his wife is very distant. He treats her with no respect, his very possessive of her, he tries to control who she talks to and what she can and can’t do. His also disloyal. Only after weeks of their marriage his already going to â€Å"cat houses†. His cheating her left right and center. And like any person she needs to be loved, she needs to be cared for, she needs attention and she needs companionship. Curley's Wife in Of Mice and Men :: John Steinbeck OF MICE AND MEN Essay. Curley's wife is seen as a cheap possession, a toy that belongs to Curley. A possession that he gets to control. His lack of love, respect and attention results to her death in the end. By all the men she’s seen as a tramp, they think that she’s out cause trouble. But the truth is she’s desperately lonely. She just wants someone to talk to. She’s missed out on a wonderful life that could have been hers, and that hurts her. Curley’s wife is a beautiful woman, whose blossoming with love, with big hopes for the future. She dreams of becoming a big actress n Hollywood. She wants to become rich and famous, and have nice cloths. She wants to make something from her life. Because of her beauty she was promised great things. But in reality her dreams never came true, the letters she awaited never came, the promises that were maid to her were never fulfilled. â€Å"Could’ve been in the movies, an’ had nice clothes†. She refused to stay where she would be a nobody. â€Å"Well, I wasn’t gonna stay no place where I couldn’t get nowhere or make something of my life†. So one night she meat Curley at the Riverside Dance Palace, and she married him, he became her ticket out from her desperate life. She never married him out of love and passion just of desperation. â€Å"I don’t like Curley. He aint a nice fella†. Curley’s relationship with his wife is very distant. He treats her with no respect, his very possessive of her, he tries to control who she talks to and what she can and can’t do. His also disloyal. Only after weeks of their marriage his already going to â€Å"cat houses†. His cheating her left right and center. And like any person she needs to be loved, she needs to be cared for, she needs attention and she needs companionship. Curley's Wife in Of Mice and Men :: John Steinbeck OF MICE AND MEN Essay. Curley's wife is seen as a cheap possession, a toy that belongs to Curley. A possession that he gets to control. His lack of love, respect and attention results to her death in the end. By all the men she’s seen as a tramp, they think that she’s out cause trouble. But the truth is she’s desperately lonely. She just wants someone to talk to. She’s missed out on a wonderful life that could have been hers, and that hurts her. Curley’s wife is a beautiful woman, whose blossoming with love, with big hopes for the future. She dreams of becoming a big actress n Hollywood. She wants to become rich and famous, and have nice cloths. She wants to make something from her life. Because of her beauty she was promised great things. But in reality her dreams never came true, the letters she awaited never came, the promises that were maid to her were never fulfilled. â€Å"Could’ve been in the movies, an’ had nice clothes†. She refused to stay where she would be a nobody. â€Å"Well, I wasn’t gonna stay no place where I couldn’t get nowhere or make something of my life†. So one night she meat Curley at the Riverside Dance Palace, and she married him, he became her ticket out from her desperate life. She never married him out of love and passion just of desperation. â€Å"I don’t like Curley. He aint a nice fella†. Curley’s relationship with his wife is very distant. He treats her with no respect, his very possessive of her, he tries to control who she talks to and what she can and can’t do. His also disloyal. Only after weeks of their marriage his already going to â€Å"cat houses†. His cheating her left right and center. And like any person she needs to be loved, she needs to be cared for, she needs attention and she needs companionship.

Japan in World War II

Using these four passages and your own knowledge, asses the view that Japan was driven into war with the western powers in 1941 by American policies. Both interpretations B and D prove that America was the only driving force that caused a war in the Pacific. The oil embargo that America enforced in 1940 was an incentive for Japan, a country very reliant on imports of which most primarily came from America feeding its daily usage of 12,000 tons of oil,to declare war on the country that was slowing its progress to conquer China.Interpretation B states that â€Å"moderates and militants alike saw American pressure as provocative† thus creating a tension in the Pacific, with the American foreign policy at the forefront of the Japanese aggression, this would leave Japan with no choice but to declare war. Japan’s reluctance to enter a war with America is also shown in this interpretation where numerous times they extended a deadline to lift the oil embargo â€Å"by 15thOctob er. The date was later extended to 25thNovember and then to 30thNovember.†Japan would have to fight America if the â€Å"life strangling embargo† was not lifted as it was their only choice out of a possible two the other was â€Å"pulling out of China and no Japanese leader counselled the latter. †This proves that without America’s strict oil embargo than a war in the Pacific may never have occurred. However America would never have left China to the aggressive advances of Japan. On the other hand interpretation B disagrees and displays Japan as irrational and links with interpretation A in seeing Japan as â€Å"naive and unthinking†.This is presented by the comment made by the Japanese general in interpretation B which reads â€Å"sometimes a man has to jump with his eyes closed from the veranda of aKiyomizu temple. † The remark confirms the argument that Japan’s leaders were unthinking and made decisions without knowing the consequen ces for example the attack on Pearl Harbour in December 1941. Overall this interpretation sees US pressure as a significant cause for aggression; Japan was being starved of its essential oil that it used to fuel its conquests.However American concern for the safety of Asia would ultimately lead to a war in the Pacific and Japanese hostility was solely to blame. Interpretation D also shows Japan’s aggression being sparked by American decisions. For example â€Å"America, most of all, stood in the way stood in the way of this through their control of resources in South East Asia. † America’s grip on all vital resources in the Pacific would have driven Japan to war as it was the only alternative to stop America whilst still keeping control over China.The leading philosophies of the time, â€Å"assumed that acquiring an empire provided the basis of prosperity and future national security. † This on the other hand contradicts the interpretation as it presents Japan as an empire with clear instructions on how to achieve wealth through imperialism. This is shown throughout the passage where â€Å"by the time the war in China began in 1937 politicians favouring expansionism were in high offices of state. † America is no longer the only reason that war began as the views of the leaders in 1937 were evidently expansionist.Japan does not want any relations with America as â€Å"in the eyes of Japan’s leaders that would have entailed a colossal loss of prestige with incalculable internal consequences. † Japan and the US both operated with an imperialist mindset, but Japan government had mishandled the position they found themselves in Overall this proves that Japan had their own aims and expansionist policies and America â€Å"stood in the way† of Japan and war would have been inevitable between to very imperialist countries that both sort out an empire.To summarise this interpretation although it shows that America holds back Japan through its strict rationing of resources in the South East Asia, Japan’s leaders had their particular policies which involved expansion and so American decisions would not have changed the inevitable outcome of war. However the reliability of the interpretation is undependable as the argument against the leaders â€Å"fateful choices† were the decisions of â€Å"mentalists† and no such evidence and or facts were used to justify the historians view and Japan’s actions as to why they made the decision to advance south in 1940.Interpretations A and C both make arguments that it wasn’t America’s foreign policy’s causing war. Interpretation A makes the dispute that â€Å"nothing could have prevented a Japanese-American war after Japan’s takeover of French Indochina in July 1941†, America had a reason to be worried about the future of the Pacific as before July 1941 â€Å"lay the shadow of Japanese aggressio n in China† again the Japanese aggression and expansionist policies linked with interpretation D is evidence that it was Japan’s policies not America’s that were driving them closer that would eventually lead to war.Japan had no real plan as to how they would fight off the â€Å"Menace†. Again this speculates that Japanese aggression was not thought through and they were â€Å"blinded by easy victories†. This meant that Japanese violence had no end in what the thought they could accomplish leading them to start a war they could not win. However the interpretation perceives that America knew that â€Å"Japanese aggression could only be strangled by stopping the flow of essential war materials†, and with this knowledge this American Policy they could stop Japan.This would lead Japan to a war as America was holding back there essential resources that the required to survive the war with China. However the interpretation does not state whether th ey imposed the embargo. The U. S. government froze all Japanese assets in America and launched an oil embargo after July 1941, to protest Japan's aggression in China and Indochina. Trade was terminated with Japan's attack on Pearl Harbour on December 7, 1941.Interpretation C is also against as it evidently shows that Russian policy was a cause of war. Japan was having difficulty keeping Russia out of Manchuria and there were several disputes along the Soviet – Manchukuo border. The major conflicts included â€Å"the Tauran incident in March 1936; the Kanch’atzu incident June-July 1937, the Amurincident June-July 1937, the Changkufeng incident July-August 1938; and the Nomoham incident May-September 1939. † Japan was rightfully worried about the Russian borders and so therefore not America.In total the Imperial Japanese Army recorded a total of 152 minor incidents on the border of Manchuria between 1932 and 1934. That number then increased to over 150 per year fo r the next two years and the scale of the incidents became larger. The Japanese would later sign the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality pact on April 13th 1941. The amount of defeats that Japan endured along the Soviet – Manchukuo border would have Japan’s highest concern and not America over the Pacific.This is also shown when Japan released a new foreign policy concerning the progressive development of Manchukuo. The document stated that â€Å"thwarting the USSR’s aggressive intentions, therefore had become the most crucial element in our diplomacy† thus proving America Policies were not the only, and Japan was concerned about aggression from the eastern powers. Japan’s wariness about Russia also lead it the Japanese-German pact the building block for the Anti-Comintern pact; this and not America would lead to war.Western anxiety about the Tripartite Pact, which was signed by the three leading Axis in 1941, is also shown in this interpretation as an argu ment against the American involvement as this displays a growing concern from Britain, the Soviet union and America. Conclusion The overwhelming majority of the interpretations are against the interpretation that America's policies where the cause of War 1941; the mention of other European powers that took the attention of Japan away from America. The Manchukuo border was Japan's top priority as it guarded there empire whereas the Pacific was between them and America.It wasn't just other countries power and aggression that sparked the war Japan too had plans for a large empire in China to ensure there prosperity. Interpretations A, B and D are linked and show Japan as a key factor in the beginning of a war as there aggressive expansion led to their inevitable involvement in World War II. It was the â€Å"naive and unthinking† choices made by the leaders of Japan in the 1940's to attempt the invasion of America. Almost all interpretations argue against the statement that it wa s American policy driving Japan to war.However interpretation B proves that America's oil embargo was threatening Japan's vital oil supply and in interpretation A the American Public and Press establishes that to â€Å"continue supplying such materials to an aggressor was an abet to aggression. To conclude the argument that the majority of interpretations are against however the fact that Japan's attention was drawn to the Manchukuo border cannot be forgotten as that used around 80,000 men of which they lost about 29,000 of them and shows that the policies of the Allies were pressuring Japan.

Case Study – Dubai Police Department

| Communication Barriers in DUBAI Police Department| Case Study| | | | | Contents CASE STUDY3 Introduction5 Summary6 Key Issues Highlighted7 Key Issues Analysis8 Steps Taken to Resolve the Problem10 Benefits & Drawbacks10 Conclusion10 Recommendations11 References12 CASE STUDY: Communication Barriers in DUBAI Police Department Dubai Police Department is an integral part of the Dubai Police Force. Dubai Police Department was established on 1st June 1956. There are more than fifteen thousand employees working under the Dubai Police Force across Dubai City. The General Department of Administrative Affairs is one of the most appreciated and admired security establishments under the Dubai Police Department. The GDAA is a link between the Dubai Police Headquarters, General Departments, and Police Stations on one hand, and the Federal Ministers; Government Departments and the private sectors on the other hand. The Department offers legal consultations; preparation of statistical and cognitive studies, data collection and analysis, preparation of annual reports, and managing medical and travel services record of Dubai Police Force Employees. One day Mr. Kabir came to work and became furious when he was rebuked by his senior Mr. Abdul for the reason that the receptionist, Miss Ann who is responsible for the centralized communication in the department has miss communicated some information to Mr. Kabir. Mr. Abdul is the General of the GDAA (The General Department of Administrative Affairs) organization under the Dubai Police Department. Mr. Kabir is a 32 year old Deputy in The General Department of Administrative Affairs. He is responsible for supervising and managing all the activities in the department. Kabir tries his best to keep up with the administrative issues in the police department. The present communication system prevailing in the Department is the verbal communication system which takes over the phone. The message is conveyed from the receptionist to the receiver by telephone. If the receiver is not available to attend the calls, the receptionist is responsible for making a note of the information and surpassing the information to the concerned receiver of the calls. Kabir got frustrated and got notion to put in the modern digital system for effective communication across the department. He acquired all the officers’ acceptance for the program. The system was responsible for facilitating the services like electronic transfer of calls, calls recovery, messages recovery, auto answering options etc. Miss Ann was trained and made responsible to supervise and manage the efficient functioning of the digital communication system in the department. In the month – end meeting of the officers of the department, Ann declared that the efficiency of the department had increased due to the increase in accessibility of the information hub which was made possible with the help of the technological integration in the department. The personnel no longer felt the need to depend on the receptionist to access the information required. Moreover the communication between people also improved and the updates could be gathered faster. (Call Express Case Study) Introduction The public administration of any country or region is responsible for the effectiveness in the overall functioning of the governmental departments and agencies. Department of Police (About US) is designated so as to practice the laws and by making legitimized use of force. The Police Services are defined in a legal area of responsibility. The Dubai Police Department is a ell established and admired body within the public administration of the country and is chaired by the ruler – Sheikh Mohammad Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum. Bearing this in mind, one of the key public administration departments pertains to the maintenance of law and order and ensuring implementation of the law in the region. The General Department of Administrative Affairs (Organi zational Chart) is a department under the Department of Police is responsible for the connection with the Police Headquarters and other Police High Authority Departments encompasses Federal Ministers, Government Departments, and other private sector bodies. The department carries different operational activities such as legal consultations, preparation of statistical studies, data collection and analysis, preparation of reports and other management and administrative tasks. The case pertains to The General Department of the Administrative Affairs of the Dubai Police Department and highlights the problems in the communication channels which existed in the department. The key issue was with the retrieval and access to the messages which had to be accessed through a receptionist. This study will aim at analyzing the issue and the outcome of this issue on the department. The case is focused on the existence of improper channels in the Department which was affecting the effectiveness of the department’s administration. Communication assumes utmost importance in this regard as live updates and information need to be conveyed to the various personnel involved in the department’s activities. Summary: The rationale of the case study is to exemplify the communication system in The General Department of Administrative Affairs of the Dubai Police Department. The case throws light up on the troubles faced by the officers owing to the old and traditional verbal communication system prevailing in the department. The information and messages flow is inappropriate disturbing the operational and administrative flow in the department. The verbal communication system is centralized, one receptionist looking after all the calls and messages flows to the respective receivers in the department. This made the Deputy to think for changing and implementing the new and contemporary digital system in the department. The installation of this digital system ensures the effective and efficient communication by conquering the problems and challenges arising with the Department of Police, Dubai. The new program of communication system resulted in the operational effectiveness along with the improvement in the operational efficiency. Besides, there were many other drawbacks that came into picture by the communication officer Ann, who was the former receptionist in the police department during the review of the communication system, was done by the office associates under the supervision of Mr. Abdul, the General of the department. In the next part of the case study analysis of the Dubai Police Department, the key points will be highlighted together with the examination of its consequences and the action steps taken by the company to conquer the problems. Key Issues Highlighted: This case is focused upon the key issues related to the communication channel existing in the department with respect to the retrieval of information available with the receptionist and dependency on the receptionist for accessing the information that is present with her. The issues pertain to the information which is collected by the receptionist. This information is provided by the people and could either be a complaint or a call for help or intimation about any emergency situations. It could also include personal calls or messages for the people in the department. This information could be accessed only when the receptionist was present and the conveyance of the information over the telephone line meant that the line was kept busy and this was responsible for the callers to deter from providing information which could prove useful for the department. Moreover the personnel often wanted to access the information after their duty hours were over, but this was not made possible as the absence of the receptionist meant that data could not be retrieved until such time till the receptionist returned. These issues pertaining to communication within the department are highlighted in this case study – * Communication channel which existed in the department. * Various flaws associated in the existing communication channel. * Effect of the inefficient communication channel on the administration of the department. Identifying the reasons for the problems which are evident in the communication channel. Key Issues Analysis: 1. Communication Channel – The Communication Channel prevailing in The General Department of Administrative Affairs of the Department of Police is the combination of â€Å"verbal† and â€Å"non verbal† communication system. The communication system is the system which includes the interaction bet ween the people. The communication is established between the sender and the receiver by making use of the sound and language to convey the message to the receiver. The communication is used to express the ideas, desires, concepts and requirements. The verbal communication is therefore significant for the exchange of expressions and gestures between two or more persons. The verbal communication system is an old and traditional system for communication in public administrative organization where one single receptionist is responsible for the transferring of calls and messages along with the retrieval of information. The system is not spirited enough to cope up with the demands of the modern scenario of the public administrations, especially the Police Department where the number of workforce is increasing day by day, thus resulting in the increase of the administration activities. Today, the communication systems widespread in the administrations are faster and easier and are modern and technical systems mostly referred as the non verbal communication system. (Hanes, 2010) 2. Failure of the Communication System – There are various flaws associated with the current communication system or channel prevailing in the department resulting in the failure of the system and giving birth to number of problems in the department when the messages and calls are transferred from the receptionist to the concerned officer in the department. They are – * Misunderstandings. Different Perceptions of the People * Ineffective Communication Techniques * Language Barriers * Subjective Opinions of the Persons (Hanes, Problems in Communication , 2010) 3. Effect of the Communication System – The communication system prevailing in The General Department of Administrative Affairs fails to clinch the success as the system or the channel is centralized and outmoded. T he communication system moves around one single receptionist who is responsible to transfer the calls and messages to the officers in their respective departments. She was also made responsible to retrieve the messages in the absence of any receiver. This is an old and slow process of communication giving room for number of mistakes. This resulted in the miscommunication of the data and information and therefore resulting in the misappropriation of tasks and responsibilities. At times, this fallout in the scolding and admonishments to the officers from the Deputy General of the department. 4. Reasons for the flaws in Communication Channel – There can be many reasons that affect the communication system in the organization. With reference to the case study of the public administration’s Dubai Police Department, there is a centralized communication system. The department makes use of both the verbal as well as the non verbal communication system. They made use of the internet, fax machines, printers, telephones, e-mails as the mode of communication in the department. The working of the centralized communication system revolves around the receptionist of the department who is made responsible for the transfer of calls, messages to the receiver. This is the major fault in the department. Depending on a single receptionist for carrying out the communication system will undoubtedly give room for the mistakes and human errors. The errors and defects would have generated in the communication system certainly. Steps Taken to Resolve the Problem The Deputy of The General Department of Administrative Affairs came to the action plan to resolve the problem of communication system or channel in the department. The Deputy had taken step of installing the new and contemporary digital system for communication in the department. The step was taken by the Deputy as the Department was grappling around the problems of communication. The new digital system was installed in the department with the aim to eradicate all the problems associated with the prevailing communication channel. The receptionist was made the communication officer of the department and was assigned the responsibility of managing the new communication system. The communication officer who was the former receptionist of the department was also accountable to the higher uthorities to provide them the feedback of the new system by keeping the review on the system. The new system installed ensured the faster and effective communication across the department of the administrative affairs under the police department of Dubai. Benefits & Drawbacks Eventually, the new digital system was installed in the department. This resulted in the eradication of the problems due to the different benefits associated with it and they are – (a) New and modern system (b) Communication is possible in a large workforce c) Easy to use (d) Fast and prompt to use (e) Offers indifferent unique add on. Besides this, there are also some drawbacks associated with the Digital System and that pertains to the Information Richness which is passed between the receiver and the sender or any and they are as follows – (a) Lengthy Conversations are difficult with the new system. (b) The Particulars of the messages are missed. (c) Lot of Repetitions is required. (d) Less influential and cannot be used everywhere in all the functions of the department. e) Not everybody in the organization prefers to communicate via digital system of communication. (f) Cannot create impression upon the people or the listeners involved in the communication. Conclusion This case study helped to highlight and evaluate an important administrative tool, i. e. communication. Communication is a crucial aspect of public administration and the evaluation of the case of the Dub ai Police Department in its Department of Administrative Affairs and proved useful in the examination of this aspect of administration and its implications in real time scenarios. The discussions in the case study has proved that how much a proper and systematic communication channel is required in any of the organization to perform various functions in the department. The Case had also focused upon how much is the operational effectiveness of any organization is affecting due to the improper functioning of only one of the system in the organization. Indeed, the Case Study aimed to identify the significance of the proper and friendly communication channels entails in any of the public administration. Recommendations: With reference to the case study, I would like to give my personal recommendations for the improvement of the communication channels and programs in the organization. Several Steps can be taken by the Public Administration Authorities to improve the communication systems in the department. The Recommendations pertaining to the Department of Police are as follows – * An Organized System for Communication should be followed which should be completely formal system. This will provide a solution for the structural and operational problems with respect to the operational concerns. All the elements of the Communication mix should be properly managed during the implementation of the programs and systems. A certain problem is recognized which is referred as the Time Wasting Potential. This should be eradicated by making use of SOP Program used for the development of the overall communication systems and programs in the organization. (Kuhne, 2004) In addition to the above recommendatio ns, I would like to suggest the communication officer of the Dubai Police Department to switch to the upgraded versions of the digital systems of the communication system once the department gets used to it. This will ensure more upgraded and advanced services to carry out the communication services across the department. It provides unique services like – (a) VOIP telephone systems (b) Consultation of the Factory Certified Technicians (c) Loud Speaker Paging System (d) Remote Teleworker Set up (e) Relocation Services (f) Adds, moves and changes Other departments in the Public Administration of Dubai can also make use of such modes of systems of communication within their departments. References 1. About US. (n. d. . Retrieved November 1, 2011, from www. dubaipolice. gov. ae: http://www. dubaipolice. gov. ae/dp/jsps/content/flat-content. do? contentCode=69908 2. Call Express Case Study. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 1, 2011, from www. avst. com: http://www. avst. com/case_study/Dubai_Police_Promote_Community_Outreach_with_AVST_CallXpress .asp 3. Hanes, T. (2010). Problems in Communication . Retrieved November 1, 2011, from www. livestrong. com: http://www. livestrong. com/article/1 58524-problems-in-verbal-communication/ 4. Hanes, T. (2010). What is Verbal Communication. Retrieved November 1, 2011, from www. livestrong. com: http://www. livestrong. com/article/150573-what-is-verbal-communication/ 5. Kuhne, M. (2004). Communication Channels. Retrieved November 1, 2011, from www. ibisassoc. co. uk: www. ibisassoc. co. uk/articles/Article16. doc 6. Organizational Chart. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 1, 2011, from www. dubaipolice. gov. ae: http://www. dubaipolice. gov. ae/dp/jsps/content/flat-content. do? contentCode=orgn13

Losing our Forest essays

Losing our Forest essays The tropical forests are the biomass more productive of the planet and of greater diversity. The amount of precipitations and the temperature cause that their only limited factor is the light. They extend by Central America and of the South, central Africa, Malaysian and Indonesia mainly. The Amazonian occupies 7% of the planet and locks up 50% of the world-wide biodiversity. In The Amazonian inhabit 70% of the terrestrial and vegetal animal species of the planet. The tropical forests are a lung for the planet, Amazonian, for example, in its gas interchange with the atmosphere it releases more of 50% of I oxygenate necessary for the life of the species animals, accumulate carbon through the photosynthesis, necessary thing for the carbon dioxide balance with the atmosphere. Along with the oceans regulate the climate of the planet. They regulate the hydrologic cycle. They generate ground and they protect it of phenomena like the erosion. The biodiversity that lives in them is incredible, calculates that by each 10Km2 of surface are 760 species of trees, 125 classes of mammals, 400 types of birds, 100 of reptiles and 60 of amphibians, among others. We can find prey birds that nest in the tops of the trees, below them monkeys, parrots, toucans and butterflies; at level of the ground we can find antelopes, wild boars, lizards, serpents, toads, frogs, felines. In addition we can find great amount of insects like grasshopper, ants, termites and others of great size. Altogether we can find more than 30,000 species of plants and they are discovered new every day, some of these still have unknown medicinal benefits, in the Brazilian Amazonian are a third of the trees of the planet, also exist great amount of frogs, 30 species of prawns, other 30 of crabs, 1500 freshwater fish species, but one thinks that it can arrive at 3000, two species of dolphins of river as well as crocodiles, giant turtles, otters. One calculates that it contai...

A Look at Vengeance as Illustrated in Edgar Allan Poe’s Story, The Cask of Amontillado

A Look at Vengeance as Illustrated in Edgar Allan Poe’s Story, The Cask of Amontillado â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe is the twisted story of Montresors revenge against Fortunato, a â€Å"friend† who insulted his family name. After luring Fortunato into his family’s catacombs with the promise of enjoying a drink of Amontillado, Montresor chains him to wall and leaves him there to die. Different aspects of Poe’s life, including his psychological tendencies and Freemasonry, influenced him to incorporate social status into â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†. It is evident that both characteristics of Poe’s personality and values are reflected in this short story. Poe resented his social status, was full of pride, and took criticism harshly. Like Poe, Montresor also did not take jokes and criticism lightly. Fortunato’s continuous remarks about the Montresors is what ultimately lead Montresor to kill him. Fortunato made remarks about the Montresors because of their recent fall in wealth. Poe resented his more successful coworkers who had more money than him, and he made this known; he â€Å"quickly became upset by jokes made at his expense† (Giammarco). Montresor resents Fortunato’s wealth and happiness because he has fallen in social status. Montresor wants what he used to have and what Fortunato recently gained. Montresor and Fortunato both have a high sense of pride and reputation. Thus, Montresor’s fall in social status severely affects him and makes him envious of Fortunato. This envy and jealousy, caused by the differing social positions of Montresor and Fortunato, is what ultimately drives Montresor to kill Fortunato (Poe). Poe’s own personality characteristic of resenting his social status can be seen here in Montresor’s character. As the story unfolds, the audience learns that Montresor has fallen in social class, and that Fortunato is now wealthier and therefore more powerful than he. After Fortunato has a coughing fit, Montresor says â€Å"You are rich, respected, admired, beloved; you are happy, as I once was. You are a man to be missed† (Poe 327). This shows that Montresor was once wealthy and happy, like Fortunato currently is, but his fall in social status has caused him unhappiness. One of the influences on Poe plays a role Montresor still has his pride despite the fact that he has fallen in social status. He is still confident that he can trick Fortunato with the promise of Amontillado and play upon his weaknesses. This weakness, stemming from his high social status, leads to his ultimate demise. Fortunato is left to die in the catacombs, and Montresor has to live with the guilt of killing him for his reputation (Poe). Poe’s strong sense of pride is seen here in Montresor’s character. Three aspects of Poe’s character, including resenting his social status, taking criticism harshly, and having a strong sense of pride, all made their way into Montresor’s character in this short story. These characteristics of Montresor demonstrate the social status element that Poe incorporated in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†. Not only was Poe’s influenced by his own personal experience, he was also influenced by the heavy Freemason presence of his time period. The audience sees another aspect of social status embedded in Poe’s short story, and this is the reference to the Freemasons. In Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† a conversation between Montresor and Fortunato occurs over the Freemasons. ‘â€Å"You do not comprehend?† he said. â€Å"Not I,† I replied. â€Å"Then you are not of the brotherhood.† â€Å"How?† â€Å"You are not of the masons.† â€Å"Yes, yes,† I said; â€Å"yes, yes.† â€Å"You? Impossible! A mason?† (Poe 328). Fortunato, once again, insults Montresor by telling him that it is impossible that he is a Freemason. The issue of social status is evident again here, as the audience sees how Fortunato regards himself as a higher social status. This dialogue between Montresor and Fortunato held cultural significance for Poe because of the large presence of Freemasons during this time period. The dialogue that contains the reference to the Freemasons is a â€Å"contemporary Masonic political conflict† (Davis-Undiano). According to Davis-Undiano, contemporary analysis of the Freemasons in this short story is often incorrect; their cultural impact and significance vastly varied at the time the short story was written compared to present day. At the time this short story was written, there were two different kinds of Freemasons, and an ongoing conflict was occurring between them (Davis-Undiano). Since the Freemasons were an exclusive club, the idea of social status is seen further here. Fortunato considers himself of higher social status than Montresor, so when he references the Freemasons, he is insulting Montresor yet again, accusing him of being a â€Å"lesser† Freemason. The time period in which Poe wrote this story was the period in which the rift was deepening between the â€Å"elite† and â€Å"working class† Freemasons. Poe could have been demonstrating this rift in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† with the reference to the Freemasons between Montresor and Fortunato. The reader can see the similarities between Poe’s personality characteristics and morals in the characters in the story. These characteristics Montresor, including resenting his social status, taking criticism harshly, and having a strong sense of pride, all demonstrate Poe’s psychological tendencies in relation to social class. The Freemasons are also an integral part of the story, as they also influenced Poe and further show social status. Fortunato’s incredulous remarks about Montresor being a Freemason demonstrate their differing social statuses and the importance of the Freemasons to the story. Social status is a significant theme in Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and many of his other great works.

Prison life and strategies (proposal) Research Paper

Prison life and strategies (proposal) - Research Paper Example prisons have long been a fixture of the American criminal justice system, so-called for profit prisons are a relatively new construct that have begun to have a profound affect on the way that the criminal justice system operates. For instance, whereas a state-run prison facility may have very stringent code of ethics with regards to the prison guards that serve it, a for profit prison is likely to have a much more lax interpretation of such statutes and practices. Furthermore, where the state prison is concerning with rehabilitating and re-introducing the prisoner into the civilian population as a means to better society through the correctional action that has been effected, the for profit prison systems have no such interest and actually gain a high degree of revenue through an increased rate of recidivism. As such, the purpose of this brief research paper will be to review the problems associated with the increased levels of for profit prisons within the United States as well as t o offer key insights and solutions that may help to ameliorate these

Family law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Family law - Essay Example It is evident that this family is financially stable particularly because Henry has gotten an inheritance from the mother’s art collection valued at a substantial amount of money. Henry has managed to buy a number of private investments and pensions. Moreover, Wanda was meant to receive certain amount of money from her uncle, but the issue is now becoming complicated as the second wife to her uncle who is in the process of contesting the will.1 Unfortunately, her marriage to Henry is at the verged of breaking. He has decided to divorce Wanda, a decision that has seems to be influenced by his business Mandrake who does not like children. Moreover, he has told Wanda that she will not get any financial help for him and should instead manage the inheritance that is ought to receive from her uncle until she gets back on her feet. Never the less, Henry is willing to pay $ 3000 per year for the upkeep of the three children for duration of three years. Wanda, on the other hand, has fo und new love from the Doctor who treats one of their children, though she is not willing to get married again. Family Law Family law is thus used to resolve all the issues that revolve are different families. According to the given scenario, Wanda must consult the family law in order to have issues solved (Cracknell 2008). In essence, she has to face her former spouse and the second wife to her late Uncle in court in relation to the inheritance given to her by her uncle especially now that her aunt was determined to challenge in court, the decision made by the her late husband. Additionally, Wanda has to contest with the decision that has been made by her divorced husband because it is insufficient for her and the children. In this regard, a number of factors will be put into consideration for her to be guaranteed financial orders by the courts.2 Domestic Contracts According to the family law act, two persons who are married to each other through an agreement must respect the rights , and obligation under the marriage, which include ownership or division of property, and support of obligations.3 Moreover, they have the right to direct education and moral training of their children and any other matter that entails the settlement of their affairs (Cretney 2003). However, they are not in a position to put into custody children. This means that if Wanda and Henry’s marriage was recognizable by the law, then Wanda has the freedom to be in possession of property ad be in a position be allocated the material wealth that they have acquired with Henry during their marriage life. In essence, all the property that Henry has acquired in the last ten years of their marriage will be considered in the ruling when the divorce process begins. Ownership of Property According to the family law Act, the court should put into consideration the ownership of property in all parties (Knight 2008). This simply means that the court should be in a position to advise on the type o f properties that are present (Fortin 2003). Those common and applicable to this scenario are personal ownership of property and joint ownership of property. Henry has an inheritance from his late mother‘s art collection, which qualifies to be called personal property especially now that it has no contesting issues.4 Contrary to this, Wanda has an inheritance, which could also be termed as personal property but it is been contested by the second wife of her late uncle. The rest of the properties that Wanda

Technology Sector Privite Equity and a New Speculative Bubble Term Paper

Technology Sector Privite Equity and a New Speculative Bubble - Term Paper Example Goldman intends to resell many of the shares to high net-worth individuals through its wealth management division. This â€Å"special investment vehicle† will exploit a loophole in securities law regarding private company ownership. According to US securities law, a private company is not permitted to have more than 500 individual investors without making its financial information public. Being a private company, Facebook is not required by the SEC to share financial information with investors at this time. Due to these above mentioned conditions surrounding these companies, speculation continues to be a driving force surrounding these investments. In this paper, we will take a look at the history and features of speculative bubbles including the technology bubble of the late nineties (dot com bust) in an attempt to use economic data to analyze today’s environment to detect the presence of a bubble and its potential impacts. The Origins of Speculative Bubbles Speculativ e bubbles have long fascinated and puzzled economists across many time periods. From the original Tulip Mania of the 1630’s to the Dot- Com bubble of the late nineties, these phenomena have kept economists on their toes for centuries, in trying to pin down substantive causative agents that are responsible for the swift increase in the market values of particular assets. Till today, experts have been unable to chalk down exact reasons for the emergence of such bubbles as they can rise up even in the most predictable markets; where the market participants can very accurately calculate the intrinsic value of the assets and where speculation plays no part in the actual valuation process. What is the origin of bubbles? Simply put, speculative bubbles are caused by â€Å"precipitating factors† that have the ability to bring about a change in the public’s perception about the value of an asset and about the future prospects of that asset, which can have an immediate im pact on demand (Shiller , 2000) One of the most famous economists of all time, John Maynard Keynes pointed out in his book â€Å"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money†, that abrupt and immediate stock price changes have their roots in the â€Å"collective crowd behavior† of the various market agents more than anything else and that in almost all such scenarios, these rises in prices have little to do with the values that can be derived from â€Å"careful analysis of present conditions and future prospects of firms†. This seems to be a certainly accurate description of the conditions which surround the emergence and bursting of the speculative bubbles as seen in the past. Kindleberger in his book â€Å"Manias, Panics and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises† (1978), presents a summary of his observations regarding the historical pattern that these bubbles usually follow. He states that the increase in prices typically starts with the emerg ence or birth of opportunity, usually in the shape of new markets or cutting edge technology or some major change in the political landscape of a particular region which can pull in investors looking for excellent returns on their investments. This is followed by rising prices of the particular asset. In this phase, more and more people rush after the overpriced commodity, feeding fuel to the bubble, increasing prices further and feeding the mania, and at the same time causing credit

Current Issues In Marketing

Current Issues In Marketing This report aims to discuss social network marketing, which is a current issue in the field of marketing. The report seeks to describe the importance and advantages of marketing on social networks for restaurants, particularly 21 Hospitality Group of restaurants. We also draw upon some issues which should be taken care of, when businesses go ahead with such approach to marketing. Introduction The internet and other digital media have transformed marketing (Chaffey, 2006). Customers are rapidly embracing the internet, so organization must have an effective visibility on Internet to prosper. The internet also has evolved over time, it is no longer just a source of information (Hof, 2006). The human need to share, cooperate and socialize has driven people to create their lives online. A relatively new but most popular means of achieving this is through social network sites such as Facebook, MySpace, Orkut, LinkedIn etc. A social networking site can be defined as one that allows Internet users the ability to add user-generated content such as: comments, review, feedback, ratings, or their own dedicated pages. (Burns, 2007) They provide a virtual community for members interested in a similar subject or just want to hang out together. Voice, instant message, conference and blogs, are the usual means by which members communicate in a social network site. (www.computerhope.com, 2010) (www.mlc.executiveboard.com, 2008) As social networking sites become part of life of their members, they have become a potentially useful marketing tool. Social networking sites are an important medium to reach a diverse demograpy, including young generation, women, business consumers, and older individuals. Research shows that over 80% of consumers trust advice from friends online, which is thrice that of via traditional media, while making any purchase (Ward, 2007) This report discusses issues in using social networking site for marketing and how it is relevent to restaurants and The 21 hospitality group (Cafe 21 group) in particular. Social networks and marketing The standard marketing mediums of television, radio, and newspaper are constantly losing their effectiveness. As consumers are spending more time online, companies are beginning to follow them to the Internet. Companies striving to be relevant, especially among younger consumers, are increasingly tailoring marketing campaigns specifically to social networks. Such campaigns hope to interact with customers over time, in what companies hope will be in a memorable way. (King, 2006a) Burger King managed to make more than 114,000 friends on MySpace, in a successful marketing strategy where they created a profile for their mascot, The King. Through their site, users could watch free episodes of many TV. As Gillian Smith, Senior Director of Media and Interactive at Burger King puts it, Consumers respect us more as a brand if we are giving them something they can use. (King, 2006b)Every industry is using social networking media for marketing, brand awareness campaigns, consumer engagement and reputation monitoring. The restaurant industry is no different. Restaurants are a social medium of interaction among people offline, so going online is just a natural extension.  Restaurants also have advantage over other industries using social networking media. Social media is about visuals, sharing ideas, talking and telling stories. Similarly food is also very visual, both physically and emotionally. It evokes conversations, experiences, memories, and stories that people s hare. This is what social networking websites are all about! Chances are that if its a restaurant people talk about them online, discuss, rate and recommend them to friends. Chatter is happening. It may be very beneficial for restaurants to know whether it is going good, bad or in between to keep their business successful and popular. (Fruchter, 2009). This way they can adapt better to customer prefere nces and delight. Social marketing has distinct advantages which make it a vital tool for a marketing campaign. The members of social networking sites are niche groups with particular interests. These specialized members are a highly-targeted audiences.(Burns, 2007). Return on Investment is one of the most important criteria for any marketing campaign. For businesses such as restaurants, social marketing is one of the cheapest methods. Considering that fact that such sites vastly improve visibility, restaurants ultimately get good publicity for free. Also traditional e-marketing tools like banners and link ads are losing their charm as not many people trust them. But with social marketing, restaurants can give a more human emotional touch to attract potential customers. Social marketing helps to spread information fast (me, 2010). It also creates interactive bond with the customers. Social Networking Ideas (for cafà © 21 Group) 21 Hospitality group should adopt a comprehensive marketing strategy on social networks. They can start by creating profiles, networks and blogs on facebook, twitter etc. On these, they can feature aspects of a restaurant each week, such as inside the kitchen, basic cooking tips, greetings from a hostess along with her favourite appetizers, drink recipes from the bartender, and so on. People will get to know employees and food better, which creates an intimate and welcoming atmosphere when they visit the restaurants. They can hold contests where people vote for favourite menu item, submit their own ideas for a dish or dessert to be served. This will make the customers feel empowered. The groups website and profile page should be mentioned on brochures, menus and bills to get people log in to them and connect. Most members have their birthdays and anniversaries listed on such site which can be used to give discounts to prospective members on special occasions. This method will make the customers feel good and attract them to the restaurants. Cafe 21 Group should inform customers about new events, menus and happenings through these sites. Also they should invite reviews and feedbacks from their customers. They should go all out to please the customers as the customer is always the king. (Mehta, 2009). The feedbacks will be helpful for the group in providing better services. In addition, Cafe 21 group can visit other local restaurants on these sites, befriend them and comment on their pages. Customers, who dont know Cafe 21, may become aware by seeing those comments. Also, they can tie up with web  sites  dedicated to tourism in North-East and include a link to Cafe 21 groups site on their page. Things to look out for Before diving straight into social networking, a planned approach is required, especially for frequent users who will most likely spread the news about the food and services to other users and their friends. It is essential to emotionally connect with them and make them friends of the brand (Li, 2007) Cafe 21 Group also need to pick the apt sites, the one that most closely matches the intended customers. Transparency in communication is must to flourish trust and brand loyalty. A lot of users navigate using Google, Yahoo, or links in e-mail. So, businesses need to optimize visibility on these. Also they need to ensure that their content is of high enough interest, quality, or value that it will serve as link bait or bookmark bait. (Burns, 2007) A research by ExactTarget and Ball State University says that Internet users, aged 18-34, are more influenced by direct email and mail rather than marketing on social networks (Leggatt, 2008). This highlights that creating trust is an absolute must for an marketing strategy to be successful. Participation in social media needs much more work than just signing up for an account and then posting the details of lunch or dinner. It is very essential to hear feedbacks, reviews and conversations of customers. It will be very helpful to find out who is passionate about the brand, and give them extra information which they can share with others. Vandegrift says. You dont have to pay people. Just find out who really cares about you and give them some access. (Perlik, 2009) Restaurants should also be ready to respond to negativity. A quick and right response is required in times of negative feedbacks and publicity to hold erosion of any customer base. Above all, restaurants should always have something interesting to add to the conversation. Just listing menus makes the posts boring. Readers should be provided unique information which they cant find elsewhere. Restaurants like Cafe 21 can offer insider discount deals and promotions or something interesting now and then. (Perlik, 2009) Conclusion All businesses aim to increase their customer base. Before the Internet, many spread the word through word of mouth. Social marketing has now taken over as the online version of word of mouth. Harnessing it, in the right way will results in more customers, more sales, and a higher level of visibility online than ever before. (me, 2010) With the Net, a new way of conducting business is available, but it doesnt change the laws of business or most what really creates a competitive advantage. The fundamentals of competition remain unchanged. Michael Porter (cited in Newing, 2002) Advertising on social networking sites have clear advantages but still businesses should move forward with caution regards to ethical amd moral issues. The advertising should be just enough to promote the brand and expand customer base and also should not invade privacy of the users of that site. Cafe 21 group should go ahead with marketing on social media. It will open a new medium to connect with customers, but they should understand that this can not be the full marketing strategy. They still need to have traditional strategic marketing plans to maintain competitive advantage. Current Issues in Marketing Current Issues in Marketing Marketing is the process by which the producer and consumer communicate to enable the producers to sell their products to the consumers. The producers engage in introducing their brands to the prospective or already existing customers, informing them of the various specifications which make their products to stand out from the rest (Jaworski et al. 2016, n.d). Due to the evolution of time, the marketing sector in the business industry is currently facing many challenges with the rise of digitized marketing. The increasing use of social media platforms as tools for marketing has caused a drastic change in the manner of strategies for marketing drawn by various companies (McDuffee 2014, n.d). The revision of the strategies is to ensure that despite the changes, the producers are still able to retain their market share or if better, improve it. According to Russ Klein, the chief executive officer at American Markets Association, he highlights that the digital transformation in the contemporary marketing world has become a problem, more than it is of benefit (Jaworski et al. 2016, n.d). Digital transformation has contributed much in more in adding to managerial problems due to the narrow perception in handling the transformation. As time goes by, it is not only the marketing strategies that shift but also the manner in which the various businesses handle their issues. Communication methods, internal crowd-source innovation, among others keep changing hence marketing must also conform to the strategies employed by the business in handling its businesses (Jaworski et al. 2016, n.d). Within the same scope, one should also realize that the business models shift with regard to digitization hence marketing of products might not be as simple as it was in the past. When considering the strategic marketing plan, the company must take into consideration various aspects of the market to ensure that the plan is suitable to counter the competition in play. Previously, planning was based on the positioning statements, proper branding, and the 4 Ps which are currently being ignored by many due to the introduction of methods such as content marketing, marketing automation, SEM, among others (McDuffee 2014, n.d). The introduction of these methods, particularly social media marketing, has caused a number of people to ignore the basics of marketing, hence drawing plans that might influence negatively on the future. Working without a strategic plan is compared to engaging in the construction of a building without a blueprint and as a result a business may not achieve much (McDuffee 2014, n.d). Every proper strategy should ensure that the business model, objectives, and brands are taken into consideration to pave way for better structured marketing strategi es. Currently, businesses are more focused into rushing to social media platforms to make known what they deal in (McDuffee 2014, n.d). such actions make their businesses appear as having become a campaign with no strong basis. In spite of the modern marketing strategies that are in place, the basics of conducting business have not changed. People engage in the exchange of goods and services, just as before, and as a result the old methods, now termed as obsolete, are still applicable. The improvement in the level of technology in use in conducting businesses has led to the digitalization of every procedure including marketing. In particular, the use of social media platforms is currently a marketing trend that has taken the business industry by storm, yet might not be as productive if other forms of marketing are not jointly involved. To achieve a marketing advantage, the entrepreneur should not narrow their mind to this form of marketing only, but also improve the old fashioned techniques. References Jaworski, B., Malcolm, R., Morgan, N. (2016). American Marketing Association: 7 big problems in the marketing industry. Marketing News. [Online] In http://www.ama.org/publications/MarketingNews/Pages/7-big-problems-marketing.aspx   Accessed 9/1/2017. McDuffee, B. (2014). Editorial strategy and planning: Go back to the future with strategic marketing plans. [Online] Created 14/1/2014. In http://contentmarketinginstitute.com/2014/01/back-to-the-future-strategic-marketing-plan/   Accessed 9/1/2017.